Meniscus Allograft Transplantation in Conjunction With Arthroscopic Biologic Knee Restoration Delays Arthroplasty in Patients Older Than 50 Years.

Purpose: To evaluate the utility of meniscus allografts in combination with other procedures to delay knee arthroplasty in patients older than 50 years previously advised joint arthroplasty.

Methods: A total of 108 meniscus allograft transplants using the arthroscopic 3-tunnel technique between 1997 and 2019 in patients older than 50 years were retrospectively reviewed with a 2-year minimum follow-up period. Inclusion criteria were patients recommended for knee arthroplasty with pain and preservation of some joint space by standing flexion radiographs.

Another claim for cognitive history.

History can help refine the resource-rational model by uncovering how cultural and cognitive forces act together to shape decision-making. Specifically, history reveals how the meanings of key terms like "problem" and "solution" shift over time. Studying choices in their cultural contexts illuminates how changing perceptions of the decision-making process affect how choices are made on the ground.

A claim for cognitive history.

History is a potential tool for cognitive scientists interested in metacognitive categories like "creativity" and "innovation." As a way of thinking, history suggests alternative accounts of the development of innovation and growth, for example. Life History Theory is one such account, but its roots in the Industrial Revolution make it a problematic tool for telling the history of that period.

The Age of Methods: William Whewell, Charles Peirce, and Scientific Kinds.

For William Whewell and, later, Charles Peirce, the methods of science merited scientific examination themselves. Looking to history to build an inductive account of the scientific process, both men transformed scientific methods into scientific evidence. What resulted was a peculiar instance of what Ian Hacking calls “the looping effects of human kinds,” in which classifying human behavior changes that behavior.

Hypothesis Bound: Trial and Error in the Nineteenth Century.

Like so many things, "trial and error" has a history. The term first emerged as the name for a technique in eighteenth-century mathematics pedagogy. In the nineteenth century, psychologists and biologists transformed "trial and error" from a mathematical tool into a developmental theory, one that could explain both the learning mind and life on earth.