Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescence and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Late Adulthood: A Nationwide Sibling-Controlled Cohort Study.

Background: The importance of adolescent cardiorespiratory fitness for long-term risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains poorly investigated, and whether the association is influenced by unobserved familial confounding is unknown.

Methods: We conducted a sibling-controlled cohort study based on all Swedish men who participated in mandatory military conscription examinations from 1972 to 1995 around the age of 18, and who completed standardized cardiorespiratory fitness testing. The outcome was T2D, defined as a composite endpoint of diagnosis in inpatient or specialist outpatient care, or dispensation of antidiabetic medication, until 31 December 2023.

Manifestations, social impact, and decay of conceptual beliefs: A cultural perspective.

Introduction: Believing comprises multifaceted processes that integrate information from the outside world through meaning-making processes with personal relevance.

Methods: Qualitative Review of the current literature in social cognitive neuroscience.

Results: Although believing develops rapidly outside an individual's conscious awareness, it results in the formation of beliefs that are stored in memory and play an important role in determining an individual's behavior.

Bridging the Gap Between Believing and Memory Functions.

Believing has recently been recognized as a fundamental brain function linking a person's experience with his or her attitude, actions and predictions. In general, believing results from the integration of ambient information with emotions and can be reinforced or modulated in a probabilistic fashion by new experiences. Although these processes occur in the subliminal realm, humans can become aware of what they believe and express it verbally.