Pain, Agitation, and Delirium Guidelines: Interprofessional Perspectives to Translate the Evidence.

Background: Societal guidelines exist for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium (PAD) in critically ill patients. This contemporary practice aims for a more awake and interactive patient. Institutions are challenged to translate the interrelated multivariable concepts of PAD into daily clinical practice and to demonstrate improvement in quality outcomes.

MPI CyberMotion Simulator: implementation of a novel motion simulator to investigate multisensory path integration in three dimensions.

Path integration is a process in which self-motion is integrated over time to obtain an estimate of one's current position relative to a starting point (1). Humans can do path integration based exclusively on visual (2-3), auditory (4), or inertial cues (5). However, with multiple cues present, inertial cues - particularly kinaesthetic - seem to dominate (6-7).

How are lateral chromatic interactions computed from cone signals?

A small gray test field superimposed on a large colored background appears tinted in a color complementary to that of the surround. We tested the hypothesis whether photoreceptor sensitivity in the test field is altered in the presence of a colored surround. We investigated this effect using dichoptic viewing conditions.

Chromatic induction in humans: how are the cone signals combined to provide opponent processing?

We investigated the effect of 16 isoluminant chromatic surrounds on the perceived colour of an enclosed grey test-field at photopic (43 cd/m2) conditions. Stimuli were shown on a grey background identical to the test-field. Use of these stimuli implies that activations of receptoral (cS, cM, and cL) and postreceptoral (cM-cL, cS-(cM+cL)) mechanisms by surround colours are known quantitatively.

Evidence for the contribution of S cones to the detection of flicker brightness and red-green.

We were interested in the question of how cones contribute to the detection of brightness, red-green, and blue-yellow. The linear combination of cone signals contributing to flicker detection was determined by fitting a plane to 64 points (colors) of equal heterochromatic flicker brightness. A small S-cone contribution to flicker brightness of similar amplitude in all five subjects was identified.