Innate phase production of IFN-γ by memory and effector T cells expressing early activation marker CD69 during infection with in the lungs.

is a yeast-type fungus that causes fatal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients and evades phagocytic cell elimination through an escape mechanism. Memory T (Tm) cells play a central role in preventing the reactivation of this fungal pathogen. Among these cells, tissue-resident memory T (T) cells quickly respond to locally invaded pathogens.

5--Carboxyimino-6-aminopyrimidine-2,4(3)-dione, a novel indicator for hypochlorite formation.

Uric acid is an adequate and endogenous probe for identifying reactive oxygen or nitrogen species generated because its oxidation products are specific to reacted reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. Recently, we identified 5--carboxyimino-6--chloroaminopyrimidine-2,4(3)-dione as a hypochlorite-specific oxidation product. 5--carboxyimino-6--chloroaminopyrimidine-2,4(3)-dione was anticipated to be a biomarker for hypochlorite production .

Differences in clinicopathological characteristics between lipohypertrophy and localized insulin-derived amyloidosis: A scoping review.

Insulin is used as a therapeutic agent in patients with diabetes, and cutaneous lipohypertrophy (LH) and localized insulin-derived amyloidosis (LIDA) are well-known adverse effects associated with insulin injections. The clinical implications, management, assessment methods, and pathological differentiation of LH and LIDA have been recently updated. This review was to update our knowledge of the pathological differentiation, effects of insulin absorption, hypoglycemic events, and recent assessment methods for LH and LIDA.

Peripheral T cell activation, not thymic selection, expands the T follicular helper repertoire in a lupus-prone murine model.

Many autoimmune diseases are characterized by the activation of autoreactive T cells. The T cell repertoire is established in the thymus; it remains uncertain whether the presence of disease-associated autoreactive T cells reflects abnormal T cell selection in the thymus or aberrant T cell activation in the periphery. Here, we describe T cell selection, activation, and T cell repertoire diversity in female mice deficient for B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein (BLIMP)-1 in dendritic cells (DCs) (Prdm1 CKO).