Population pharmacokinetics of rifabutin among HIV/TB co-infected children on lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy.

In adults requiring protease inhibitor (PI)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART), replacing rifampicin with rifabutin is a preferred option, but there is lack of evidence to guide rifabutin dosing in children, especially with PIs. We aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of rifabutin and 25-O-desacetyl rifabutin (des-rifabutin) in children and optimize its dose. We included children from three age cohorts: (i) <1-year-old cohort and (ii) 1- to 3-year-old cohort, who were ART naïve and received 15- to 20-mg/kg/day rifabutin for 2 weeks followed by lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)-based ART with 5.

Pretreatment and Acquired Drug Resistance in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Jos, Nigeria.

We determined pretreatment and acquired human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance among children with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) in Jos, Nigeria. The majority (71%) of those who failed first-line antiretroviral therapy were on a nevirapine-containing regimen. The prevalence of pretreatment (48%) and acquired (76%) HIV drug resistance mutations was high in our study.

Bone Mineral Density and Vitamin D Status in Nigerians: The Impact of HIV.

Background: Both HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may be associated with metabolic complications including bone loss. To further inform guidance on screening and treatment of bone disease, we evaluated the impact of HIV and ART on vitamin D (VD) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) among HIV-infected and uninfected Nigerians.

Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study of HIV-infected participants and uninfected matched controls, who were recruited from a large clinical site in Jos, Nigeria.

Timeliness of Point-of-Care Viral Load Results Improves Human Immunodeficiency Virus Monitoring in Nigeria.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load (VL) monitoring is critical for antiretroviral therapy (ART) management. Point-of-care (POC) VL testing has been reported to be feasible and preferred over standard-of-care (SOC) testing in many low- and middle-income country settings where rapid results could improve patient outcomes.

Methods: The timeliness of receipt of VL results was evaluated in an open-label, randomized, controlled trial among patients newly initiating ART.

Rifabutin pharmacokinetics and safety among TB/HIV-coinfected children receiving lopinavir/ritonavir-containing second-line ART.

Background: Treatment options are limited for TB/HIV-coinfected children who require PI-based ART. Rifabutin is the preferred rifamycin for adults on PIs, but the one study evaluating rifabutin with PIs among children was stopped early due to severe neutropenia.

Methods: We evaluated rifabutin safety and plasma pharmacokinetics among coinfected children 3-15 years of age receiving rifabutin 2.