The effect of various interventions during a typhoid epidemic. Results of a simulation study.

This paper presents an epidemiological model for typhoid fever epidemics or paratyphoid diseases with an enteric course, as well as a deterministic approach for the quantitative representation of this model. The model has been tested against one typhoid and two paratyphoid epidemics which occurred in the Federal Republic of Germany. It was possible to simulate the course of these epidemics with sufficient precision, and to obtain information on the effects of various interventions (e.

[Para-immunity after oral antigen administration].

The term "Paramunity" summarizes all non-pathogen specific mechanisms of the defence against infections in man and animal, such as phagocytosis, interference, antibiosis, activation of the lymphopoietic cell system and of lysosomal enzymes, stimulation of humoral factors etc. Examples for the induction of a paramunity are described. After an oral or inhalatory administration of polyvalent vaccines prepared from inactivated bacteria to mice, the rate of phagocytosis of the peritoneal or alveolar macrophages increased significantly.

Paramunity after oral immunization.

Previously, we have proposed the term of paramunity which represented the whole nonspecific defence reactions. Now, we experimentally have demonstrated the importance of an oral polybacterial vaccine in the local defence of the intestine against Salmonella or an enterovirus. The role of interferon was also discussed.