When Inequity Leads to Boredom: An Experimental Study With University Students.

While theoretical connections between social inequity and boredom have been established, empirical evidence is lacking. Inequity aversion is important in this relationship. If individuals believe that the amount of work invested in pursuing an outcome has been unfairly devalued in relation to the investment of others, they may feel that their investment is greater than the outcome's worth.

Cadmium pathology in an insect cell line: ultrastructural and biochemical effects.

Cadmium (Cd) pathology was studied in an insect cell line (Aedes albopictusC6/36) at the ultrastructural level. The most prominent pathological changes occurred at the level of the nucleus: chromatin clumping, indentations, filling and dilatation of the perinuclear cisternae and an increased amount of bound ribosomes were observed. In the cytoplasm, condensation and swelling of mitochondria, increase of both free and membrane-bound ribosomes, filling and dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and increase of the lysosomal system were the most conspicuous effects.

No reduction of energy metabolism in Clk mutants.

Mutation in any of the four clock genes (clk-1, clk-2, clk-3, gro-1) causes an average slowing down of many temporal processes, and an increase of mean life span. The latter effect has been linked to the slow phenotype, and it has been reasoned that any reduction of the rate of living would reduce the load of oxidative damage, which is thought to drive the ageing process. To test this model we measured several parameters describing metabolic output in wild type worms and all four Clk mutants.

Shaping ability of GTTM Rotary Files in simulated resin root canals.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the shaping ability of GT Rotary Files in simulated root canals.

Methodology: Forty canals with four different shapes in terms of angle (40 degrees and 60 degrees) and position of curvature (straight section before curve: 8 and 12 mm) were prepared using a crown-down/stepback technique. Pre-operative and post-operative pictures, recorded using an image analysis system, were super-imposed and aberrations recorded.

Copper induces apoptosis in Aedes C6/36 cells.

The Aedes albopictus C6/36 cell clone is used as a model system to study the effects of heavy metals on insect cells. Here we report on the effects of Cu(2+) on these cells. Similar to Cd(2+) and Hg(2+), Cu(2+) induces hyperpolymerization of the microtubules; moreover, with Cu(2+) this is followed by cell aggregation and massive apoptosis.