Adjusting for Selection Bias Due to Missing Eligibility Criteria in Emulated Target Trials.

Target trial emulation (TTE) is a popular framework for observational studies based on electronic health records (EHR). A key component of this framework is determining the patient population eligible for inclusion in both a target trial of interest and its observational emulation. Missingness in variables that define eligibility criteria, however, presents a major challenge towards determining the eligible population when emulating a target trial with an observational study.

Abrupt changes in biomass burning during the last glacial period.

Understanding the causes of past atmospheric methane (CH) variability is important for characterizing the relationship between CH, global climate and terrestrial biogeochemical cycling. Ice core records of atmospheric CH contain rapid variations linked to abrupt climate changes of the last glacial period known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events and Heinrich events (HE). The drivers of these CH variations remain unknown but can be constrained with ice core measurements of the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric CH, which is sensitive to the strength of different isotopically distinguishable emission categories (microbial, pyrogenic and geologic).

Associations between genetic variations in oxytocin pathway genes and hippocampal volume: Insights from the UK Biobank.

The role of oxytocin-related genes in social-cognitive function has been previously established, but structural brain mechanisms underlying this link remain poorly understood. Utilizing a substantial dataset from the UK Biobank (N ≈ 30,000), this research determined associations between variations in ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within three oxytocin pathway genes (i.e.

Continuous Characterization of Insoluble Particles in Ice Cores Using the Single-Particle Extinction and Scattering Method.

This study presents the integration of the single-particle extinction and scattering (SPES) method in a continuous flow analysis (CFA) setup. Continuous measurements with the instrument allow for the characterization of water-insoluble particles in ice cores at high resolution with a minimized risk of contamination. The SPES method can be used to investigate particles smaller than 1 μm, which previously could not be detected by instruments typically used in CFA.

Mechanism and Kinetics of Hydration of CuSO·HO in the Presence of an Intermediate Step.

The hydration of salt hydrates is often described as a solution mediated nucleation and growth mechanism, occurring between a reagent and a product in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other. If a system possesses more than one hydrate phase, the kinetic pathway may involve additional mechanisms due to the formation of intermediate hydrate species. We elected CuSO as our model system and analyzed the pathway leading from CuSO·HO (C1H) to CuSO·5HO (C5H), while CuSO·3HO (C3H) being a possible intermediate.