Enteropathogen Changes After Rotavirus Vaccine Scale-up.

Objectives: To inform next steps in pediatric diarrhea burden reduction by understanding the shifting enteropathogen landscape after rotavirus vaccine implementation.

Methods: We conducted a case-control study of 1788 medically attended children younger than 5 years, with and without gastroenteritis, after universal rotavirus vaccine implementation in Peru. We tested case and control stools for 5 viruses, 19 bacteria, and parasites; calculated coinfection-adjusted attributable fractions (AFs) to determine pathogen-specific burdens; and evaluated pathogen-specific gastroenteritis severity using Clark and Vesikari scales.

Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis are distributed in livestock of highly endemic area in the Peruvian highlands.

The prevalence of cystic echinococcosis is high in many livestock areas of Peru, where intermediate hosts such as sheep, cattle, and South American camelids can be infected. Several species of E. granulosus have been described in relation to its genetic diversity and distribution.

Viral intra-host evolution in immunocompetent children contributes to human norovirus diversification at the global scale.

Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Human noroviruses present >30 different genotypes, with a single genotype (GII.4) predominating worldwide.

Genome-wide analyses of human noroviruses provide insights on evolutionary dynamics and evidence of coexisting viral populations evolving under recombination constraints.

Norovirus is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Over 30 different genotypes, mostly from genogroup I (GI) and II (GII), have been shown to infect humans. Despite three decades of genome sequencing, our understanding of the role of genomic diversification across continents and time is incomplete.

Congenital Chagas disease in Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, is dominated by Trypanosoma cruzi lineage V.

Background: This study identified Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs) in maternal and infant specimens collected from two hospitals in Bolivia, using conventional genotyping and DTU-specific serotyping.

Methods: Specimens from 142 mothers were used, including 24 seronegative and 118 seropositive individuals; 29 women transmitted T. cruzi to their infants.