Animals can assign novel odours to a known category.

The ability to identify a novel stimulus as a member of a known category allows an organism to respond appropriately towards it. Categorisation is thus a fundamental component of cognition and an essential tool for processing and responding to unknown stimuli. Therefore, one might expect to observe it throughout the animal kingdom and across sensory domains.

Tuberculosis culture testing at a tertiary care hospital: options for improved management and use for treatment decisions.

Setting: Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Objectives: To determine the proportion of patients with positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures and whether those who were positive were on treatment.

Design: Tuberculosis (TB) culture results were obtained from the laboratory for a 3-month period.

Tuberculosis at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital: an intervention to improve patient referrals to district clinics.

Setting: A study in 2001 described the process of managing tuberculosis (TB) at Chris Hani Baragwanath hospital, the numbers of patients diagnosed and poor outcomes of referring patients to clinics in the adjacent sub-districts. The present study describes and evaluates an intervention to address the problems.

Objectives: To describe the intervention process (education and referral of TB patients) and the subsequent results over a 2-year period from 2003 to 2005.

Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava and its causal relation to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Although rare in most countries, membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava (MOIVC) occurs more frequently in Nepal, South Africa, Japan, India, China, and Korea. The occlusive lesion always occurs at approximately the level of the diaphragm. It commonly takes the form of a membrane, but may be a fibrotic occlusion of variable length.