Children's emergent relations of equivalence using stimuli with opposite verbal labels: Exclusion and minimal training conditions.

The present study examined different conditions under which exclusion responding in conditional discrimination tasks would generate emergent equivalence relations in young children based on shared relationships with verbal labels. Both visual stimuli (Sets A, B, C, and D) and auditory stimuli (spoken words, Set N: N1 "correct"; N2: "incorrect") were used. Following a pilot study, three experiments were conducted, each involving eight preschool children.

Children who stutter show reduced action-related activity in the rostral cingulate zone.

Previous studies have indicated that children who stutter show not only speech-related problems, but also wider difficulties in self-control. In this study we test the novel hypothesis that children who stutter may experience difficulties with inhibitory control over voluntary actions. We used functional MRI to compare brain activity between children who stutter and children who do not stutter in a task that captures key cognitive aspects of voluntary action control.

The development of semantic blocking in children.

Pictures are named more slowly in the context of semantically related pictures than in the context of unrelated pictures. This semantic blocking effect has been studied extensively in adult participants, and one study has revealed its presence in 6-year-old children. However, little is known about the development of the effect with age.

[Not every delirium protocol in Dutch hospitals is up-to-date: evaluation of the implementation of the new delirium guideline].

Objective: To describe the extent to which the essential changes in the new Dutch delirium guideline for adults and the elderly, published in April 2014, have been incorporated in local hospital protocols, so as to estimate the consequences this could have for patients.

Design: Quantitative study.

Method: Dutch hospital protocols were collected for two periods: before (September to December 2012) and after publication of the guideline (March to July 2015).

Color-picture interference in children: effects of spatial and temporal segregation of color and form.

Children 5 to 8 years of age find it harder to name the color of a meaningful picture (e.g., of a table) than to name the color of an abstract form.