Survival analysis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: influence of smoking and drinking.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are associated with tobacco and alcohol; however, the prognostic relevance of these substances is unclear.

Methods: Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed for patients with (n = 1829) and without (n = 183) substance use.

Results: HNSCC-specific survival (death due to primary-HNSCC or recurrent HNSCC) and HNSCC/second primary tumor-specific survival (death due to primary-HNSCC or recurrent HNSCC or second primary tumor) were not significantly different for patients who smoked and drank alcohol (hazard ratio [HR], 1.

Effect of fatigue on stroking characteristics in an arms-only 100-m front-crawl race.

Purpose: Race analyses during swimming provide information on the time-dependent values of, among other variables, a swimmer's clean swimming speed (v), stroke rate (SR), and stroke length (SL). The effect of fatigue on changes in v, SR, and SL was investigated.

Methods: Lap-averaged values of v, SR, and SL while swimming 100 m all out with arms only (trial 1) were related to the decline in mechanical power output measured during an all-out 100-m swim on the MAD system (trial 2), with legs immobilized in both trials.