Harbour Porpoises Are Flexible Predators Displaying Context-Dependent Foraging Behaviours.

Opportunistic mobile predators can adapt their behaviour to specific foraging scenarios, allowing them to target diverse prey resources. An interesting example is the harbour porpoise (), a marine mammal with a huge energy demand feeding on a large variety of fish, squid and shrimps. Little is known about the foraging behaviour of harbour porpoises, as observations of wild specimens are notoriously difficult to obtain.

Communities of metazoan parasites in seven sympatric skate species (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the English Channel and Celtic Sea differing in conservation status.

Elasmobranch populations are in steep decline mainly due to overfishing bycatch, but parasites may accelerate the collapse of vulnerable and/or highly parasitized species. We therefore studied metazoan parasites of Rajidae from the northeast Atlantic: vulnerable Leucoraja fullonica, near-threatened Raja brachyura, Raja clavata, Raja microocellata and Raja undulata, and least-concerned Raja montagui and Leucoraja naevus. Overall prevalence varied from 19% for R.

Harbour porpoises respond to recreational boats by speeding up and moving away from the boat path.

Recreational boats are common in many coastal waters, yet their effects on cetaceans and other sensitive marine species remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we used drone video footage recorded from a recreational boat to quantify how harbour porpoises () responded to the boat approaching at different speeds (10 or 20 knots). Furthermore, we used a hydrophone to record boat noise levels at full bandwidth (0.

Prediction of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Effects on Entropy Generation in a Monolithic Catalytic Converter Using Large-Eddy Simulation.

In the present work, heat transfer and fluid flow and their effects on entropy generation in a realistic catalytic converter of a Lada Niva 21214 vehicle are studied using large eddy simulation. At first, the pressure drop over the catalytic converter is measured for dry air at constant temperature (T=298 K), different volumetric flow rates, and extrapolated to large volumetric flow rates for dry air (T=298 K) and for the exhaust gas under realistic engine conditions (T=900 K) using the Darcy-Forchheimer relation. Then, coupled heat and fluid flow phenomena inside the catalytic converter are analyzed for nonreacting isothermal conditions and nonreacting conditions with conjugate heat transfer by using the large-eddy simulation.

Regulatory challenges with biosimilars: an update from 20 countries.

The World Health Organization (WHO) issued guidelines for the regulatory evaluation of biosimilars in 2009 and has provided considerable effort toward helping member states implement the evaluation principles in the guidelines into their regulatory practices. Despite this effort, a recent WHO survey (conducted in 2019-2020) has revealed four main remaining challenges: unavailable/insufficient reference products in the country; lack of resources; problems with the quality of some biosimilars (and even more with noninnovator products); and difficulties with the practice of interchangeability and naming of biosimilars. The following have been identified as opportunities/solutions for regulatory authorities to deal with the existing challenges: (1) exchange of information on products with other regulatory authorities and accepting foreign licensed and sourced reference products, hence avoiding conducting unnecessary (duplicate) bridging studies; (2) use of a "reliance" concept and/or joint review for the assessment and approval of biosimilars; (3) review and reassessment of the products already approved before the establishment of a regulatory framework for biosimilar approval; and (4) setting appropriate regulatory oversight for good pharmacovigilance, which is essential for the identification of problems with products and establishing the safety and efficacy of interchangeability of biosimilars.