Assembly and application of a low-cost high-resolution imaging device for hyphae in soil.

Soil imaging in the field and laboratory has greatly advanced our understanding of plant root systems. Soil fungi function as important plant symbionts and decomposers of complex organic material in soil environments. For fungal hyphae, however, the application of soil imaging remains scarce, limiting our understanding of hyphal systems in soil.

Radiocarbon monoxide indicates increasing atmospheric oxidizing capacity.

Hydroxyl (OH) is the atmosphere's main oxidant removing most pollutants including methane. Its short lifetime prevents large-scale direct observational quantification. Abundances inferred using anthropogenic trace gas measurements and models yield conflicting trend estimates.

Increasing the utility of epidemiologic studies as key evidence in chemical risk assessment.

The Society of Toxicology 2024 meeting assembled risk assessors, epidemiologists, and toxicologists to discuss the utility of integrating epidemiologic data into the derivation of reference values. Advantages of the use of epidemiologic evidence include (i) human relevance; (ii) increased likelihood that exposure levels are relevant to risk assessment; and (iii) incorporation of uncertainties attributed to co-exposures or other population-based considerations. The workshop panelists discussed the challenges of incorporating epidemiologic evidence due to uncertain exposure measurements, confounding, heterogeneity, and inherent study design limitations.

Ring Size Effects on the Structures of Sandwich Compounds with a Stoichiometry of CHM (M = Ti-Ni).

Ring size effects on geometries and electronic structures were investigated for the (C H )M(C H ) ( = 4, 5, or 6; = 8, 7, or 6; + = 12; M = Ti-Ni) systems using density functional theory. The lowest-energy CHM structures for the early transition metals titanium, vanadium, and chromium are the experimentally known singlet (η-CH)Ti(η-CH), doublet (η-CH)V(η-CH), and singlet (η-CH)Cr, respectively. The likewise experimentally known singlet (η-CH)Ti, doublet (η-CH)V, and singlet (η-CH)Cr(η-CH) are the second-lowest-energy structures with only a small energy difference between the two vanadium structures.

Evaluating the Importance of Conformers for Understanding the Vacuum-Ultraviolet Spectra of Oxiranes: Experiment and Theory.

Vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectroscopy enables electronic transitions that offer the unambiguous identification of molecules. As target molecules become more complex, multifunctional species present a great challenge to both experimental and computational spectroscopy. This research reports both experimental and theoretical studies of oxiranes.