Neonicotinoid-induced pathogen susceptibility is mitigated by Lactobacillus plantarum immune stimulation in a Drosophila melanogaster model.

Pesticides are used extensively in food production to maximize crop yields. However, neonicotinoid insecticides exert unintentional toxicity to honey bees (Apis mellifera) that may partially be associated with massive population declines referred to as colony collapse disorder. We hypothesized that imidacloprid (common neonicotinoid; IMI) exposure would make Drosophila melanogaster (an insect model for the honey bee) more susceptible to bacterial pathogens, heat stress, and intestinal dysbiosis.

The cytoplasmic free energy of ATP hydrolysis in isolated rod-shaped rat ventricular myocytes.

The relationship between the percentage of rod-shaped rat heart myocytes and ATP, creatine phosphate, creatine and inorganic phosphate content was determined. With these values the free energy of ATP hydrolysis was calculated and found to be 59.2 kJ/mol, a much higher value than found for the perfused rat heart.

Transmural inhomogeneity of energy metabolism during acute global ischemia in the isolated rat heart: dependence on environmental conditions.

Cardiac energy metabolism is one of the earliest metabolic activities affected when either anoxia or ischemia are induced, as evidenced by the rapid decline of the tissue high-energy phosphate content of creatinephosphate (CrP) and ATP. Several reports deal with the spatial inhomogeneity of these changes and it is generally found, that the subendocardium is more sensitive to ischemia than the subepicardium. The metabolic transmural gradients observed during in vivo ischemia were attributed to both variations in wall tension and collateral flow.

The change of the free energy of ATP hydrolysis during global ischemia and anoxia in the rat heart. Its possible role in the regulation of transsarcolemmal sodium and potassium gradients.

The timecourse of change of the cytoplasmic free energy of ATP hydrolysis during acute global ischemia and during anoxic perfusion was determined in the isolated rat heart. The timecourse of change of transsarcolemmal Na+ and K+ gradients during anoxia, and of extracellular K+ during ischemia were measured. The free energy of ATP hydrolysis was calculated from the equilibrium of the creatinekinase reaction, taking into account the pH-dependence of the equilibrium constant, and intracellular inorganic phosphate.

Tissue osmolality, metabolic response, and reperfusion in myocardial ischemia.

We studied the effect of tonicity of the perfusate during reperfusion after global ischemia, in both the rat and the porcine heart. After 50 min, tissue osmolality increased by about 40 mOsm/kg. Normotonic as well as hypertonic reperfusion resulted in limited areas of "no-reflow".