The molecular, temporal and region-specific requirements of the beta isoform of Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 2 (CAMK2B) in mouse locomotion.

Genetic approaches using temporal and brain region-specific restricted gene deletions have provided a wealth of insight in the brain regions and temporal aspects underlying spatial and associative learning. However, for locomotion such extensive studies are still scarce. Previous studies demonstrated that Camk2b(-/-) mice, which lack the β isoform of Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMK2B), show very severe locomotion deficits.

Quantification of topically delivered 5-aminolevulinic acid by lontophoresis across ex vivo human stratum corneum.

Iontophoretic transport of the prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), which is used for photodynamic therapy (PDT), across human stratum corneum (SC) was studied quantitatively in vitro. The experiments were carried out in a three-compartment iontophoresis cell consisting of two electrode chambers equipped with Ag-AgCl electrodes, each separated from a central acceptor chamber by a sheet of SC, supported by a dialysis membrane, to mimic the side-by-side configuration normally used in vivo. Acceptor fluid samples were collected every hour for a period of 30 h in a fraction collector and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorometry after derivatization of the ALA.

X-ray microanalysis of cryopreserved human skin to study the effect of iontophoresis on percutaneous ion transport.

Purpose: To study at the ultrastructural level which part of the skin is associated with percutaneous iodide transport by passive diffusion and iontophoresis.

Methods: Following passive diffusion or iontophoresis of iodide, the morphology and the ion distribution of the skin was preserved by rapid freezing. The skin was kept frozen until and during examination by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray microanalysis (XRMA).

Visualization of percutaneous 3H-estradiol and 3H-norethindrone acetate transport across human epidermis as a function of time.

Developing transdermal therapeutic systems for estradiol and norethindrone acetate raised questions about the steroids penetration pathway across and retention in the skin. This paper describes the distribution of 3H-estradiol and 3H-norethindrone acetate in human stratum corneum after topical application to dermatomed skin in vitro. The study involved (a) permeation experiments to determine the steroid flux, (b) autoradiographical visualization of the steroid distribution in the same skin samples, and (c) a correlation between flux and skin distribution in time.