The expansion of medical education in the Dutch East Indies and the formation of the Indonesian medical profession.

In 1851, the colonial administration of the Dutch East Indies established a two-year program to educate young Javanese men to become vaccinators in Batavia (today's Jakarta). During the following sixty years, the medical curriculum was expanded several times; in 1913, it consisted of a ten-year program. In 1927, the Batavia Medical School, granting degrees equivalent to those of Dutch university-affiliated medical schools, commenced operations.

Multifold Post-Modification of Macrocycles and Cages by Isocyanate-Induced Azadefluorination Cyclisation.

We present the multiple post-modification of organic macrocycles and cages, introducing functional groups into two- and three-dimensional supramolecular scaffolds bearing fluorine substituents, which opens up new possibilities in multi-step supramolecular chemistry employing the vast chemical space of readily available isocyanates. The mechanism and scope of the reaction that proceeds after isocyanate addition to the benzylamine motif via an azadefluorination cyclisation (ADFC) were investigated using DFT calculations, and a series of aromatic isocyanates with different electronic properties were tested. The compounds show excellent chemical stability and were fully characterised.

Development of a First-in-Class Small-Molecule Inhibitor of the C-Terminal Hsp90 Dimerization.

Heat shock proteins 90 (Hsp90) are promising therapeutic targets due to their involvement in stabilizing several aberrantly expressed oncoproteins. In cancerous cells, Hsp90 expression is elevated, thereby exerting antiapoptotic effects, which is essential for the malignant transformation and tumor progression. Most of the Hsp90 inhibitors (Hsp90i) under investigation target the ATP binding site in the N-terminal domain of Hsp90.

Mental health literacy of Indonesian health practitioners and implications for mental health system development.

Compared to other countries in the South-East Asian region, Indonesia's mental health system remains underdeveloped from significant treatment gaps, which subsequently contribute to human rights violations of mental health patients who do not receive adequate medical care. In line with the introduction of universal health coverage in 2014, the Indonesian government plans to redress this by delegating detection and early intervention of mental health services to health practitioners without specialist training in mental health, however, there is limited evidence that they can perform this role effectively. This study aims to evaluate current workforce capacity by assessing differences in mental health literacy between Indonesian mental health and non-mental health practitioners.

Psychology and psychiatry in the global world: Historical perspectives.

Introduces articles in the special issue of , Psychology and Psychiatry in the Global World Part I. The special issue seeks to consolidate and extend the historical analysis of psychology and psychiatry in the global world by bringing together seven articles detailing how theories, techniques, and practices have been translated, adapted, and appropriated in the colonial and postcolonial eras. The contributions demonstrate that it is fruitful to conduct research in the history of psychiatry and psychology together as broader ideational frameworks such as social Darwinism, eugenics, degeneration, and mental hygiene have inspired the development of psychological and psychiatric insights as well as the adoption of their intervention strategies worldwide.