Prevalence and incidence measures for schizophrenia among commercial health insurance and medicaid enrollees.

Given the chronic nature of schizophrenia, it is important to examine age-specific prevalence and incidence to understand the scope of the burden of schizophrenia across the lifespan. Estimates of lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia have varied widely and have often relied upon community-based data estimates from over two decades ago, while more recent studies have shown considerable promise by leveraging pooled datasets. However, the validity of measures of schizophrenia, particularly new onset schizophrenia, has not been well studied in these large health databases.

Inpatient antipsychotic medication switching and rehospitalization risk among patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

Objective: To describe patterns of antipsychotic switching among patients hospitalized for schizophrenia and to correlate antipsychotic switching with hospital readmission risk.

Methods: We identified 3295 patients with index hospitalizations for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder from New York State Medicaid claims 2017-2018 who had filled at least one prescription for an antipsychotic in both the 44 days (one month +14 day grace period) prior to and after their admission. We identified patients who had kept or switched any of their antipsychotic medication between the pre- and post-periods surrounding their index hospitalization.

Retrospective State Medicaid Claims Analysis of Children and Adults With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Objective: With a lifetime U.S. prevalence of 2.

Prediction Tool for Individual Outcome Trajectories Across the Next Year in First-Episode Psychosis in Coordinated Specialty Care.

Importance: In coordinated specialty care (CSC) settings for people with a first episode of psychosis, the development of reliable, validated individual-level prediction tools for key outcomes may be informative for shared clinician and client decision-making.

Objective: To develop an individual-level prediction tool using machine-learning methods that predicts a trajectory of education/work status or psychiatric hospitalization outcomes over a client's next year of quarterly follow-up assessments. Additionally, to visualize these predictions in a way that is informative to clinicians and clients.

Rates of Inpatient and Emergency Room Use Before and After Discharge Among Medicaid Enrollees in OnTrackNY.

Objective: This study examined hospital and emergency room (ER) use among Medicaid enrollees before and after discharge from OnTrackNY, a coordinated specialty care program for recent-onset psychosis.

Methods: Medicaid claims data were linked to program data. Inpatient hospitalization, inpatient days, and ER visits were assessed in the 6 months prior to OnTrackNY enrollment and 6 months prior to and after discharge.

A New Method for Estimating Incidence of First Psychotic Diagnosis in a Medicaid Population.

Objective: Early intervention programs for first-episode psychosis (FEP) require population-based methods to identify individuals with FEP. This study adapted a previously published method to estimate incidence of first psychotic diagnosis in a state Medicaid program. Secondary aims were to examine demographic and service patterns associated with a first psychotic diagnosis in Medicaid.

Results of a Coordinated Specialty Care Program for Early Psychosis and Predictors of Outcomes.

Objective: This study prospectively evaluated outcomes of OnTrackNY, a statewide coordinated specialty care (CSC) program for treatment of early psychosis in community settings, as well as predictors of outcomes.

Methods: The sample included 325 individuals ages 16-30 with recent-onset nonaffective psychosis who were enrolled in OnTrackNY and who had at least one three-month follow-up. Clinicians provided data at baseline and quarterly up to one year.

Zebrafish Larvae Model of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Induced by Terfenadine.

Background And Objectives: Dilated cardiomyopathy can be the end-stage of severe cardiac disorders and directly affects the cardiac muscle, inducing cardiomegaly and heart failure (HF). Although a wide variety of animal models are available to study dilated cardiomyopathy, there is no model to assess dilated cardiomyopathy with non-invasive, simple, and large screening methods.

Methods: We developed a dilated cardiomyopathy model in zebrafish larvae using short duration terfenadine, a known cardiotoxic drug that induces ventricular size dilation.

OnTrackNY: The Development of a Coordinated Specialty Care Program for Individuals Experiencing Early Psychosis.

OnTrackNY is a coordinated specialty care program that delivers early intervention services to youths experiencing a first episode of nonaffective psychosis. Treatment aims to help individuals improve their mental health and achieve personal goals related to work, school, and social relationships. This column describes OnTrackNY's progression from a research project to real-world implementation.

Suppression of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Dimerization by 1-[5-Methoxy-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and triggers the activation of myeloid differention factor 88 (MyD88) and the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter, inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent major downstream signaling pathways. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of 1-[5-methoxy-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (MNP), previously synthesized in our laboratory, its effect on signal transduction via the TLR signaling pathways was examined. Here, we investigated whether MNP modulates the TLR4 signaling pathways and which anti-inflammatory target in TLR4 signaling is regulated by MNP.

Suppression of TLRs signaling pathways by 1-[5-methoxy-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play significant roles in recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns that induce innate immunity, and subsequently, acquired immunity. In general, TLRs have two downstream signaling pathways, the myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathways, which lead to the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). 1-[5-methoxy-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (MNP) has been previously synthesized in our laboratory.

1-[4-Fluoro-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine Suppresses Toll-Like Receptor 4 Dimerization Induced by Lipopolysaccharide.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes LPS and triggers the activation of the myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)- and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter, inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent major downstream signaling pathways. Previously, we presented biochemical evidence that 1-[4-Fluoro-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (FPP), which was synthesized in our laboratory, inhibits NF-κB activation induced by LPS. Here, we investigated whether FPP modulates the TLR4 downstream signaling pathways and what anti-inflammatory target in TLR4 signaling is regulated by FPP.

An Initiative to Improve Clozapine Prescribing in New York State.

Clozapine remains the only medication approved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. But underuse is the norm. In 2010, the New York State Office of Mental Health began a multifaceted initiative to promote the evidence-based use of clozapine.

Suppression of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of Toll-like receptor by CDr10b in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns and play a critical role in innate immune responses. TLR signaling pathways can be largely classified as either myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)- or toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathways. Compound of Designation red 10 binding (CDr10b) was synthesized to investigate its role in neuroinflammatory diseases.

Suppressive effects of 1-[4-fluoro-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine on the Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.

When various pathogens invade a host, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a significant role in recognizing the pathogen-associated molecular patterns carried by the pathogens to induce innate immune reaction, followed by acquired immunity reaction. TLRs have two downstream signaling pathways, the myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent pathways. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of 1-[4-fluoro-2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl]pyrrolidine (FPP), previously synthesized in our laboratory, its effect on signal transduction via the TLR signaling pathways was examined.

CDr10b inhibits the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase induced by lipopolysaccharide.

The pathophysiological processes of inflammation can lead to a host of diseases, such as periodontitis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and even cancer. The dysregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activation play important roles in the development of certain inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated the effects of CDr10b which is originally developed for a microglia staining probe on inflammation, by modulating NF-κB activation and iNOS and COX-2 expression induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine macrophages.

Suppression of TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of toll-like receptors by (E)-1-(2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl)pyrrolidine.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of microbial pathogens and induce innate immune responses. The recognition of microbial components by TLRs triggers the activation of myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88)- and toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent downstream signaling pathways. Previously, we synthesized (E)-1-(2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl)pyrrolidine (NVPP), which contains a nitrovinyl-phenyl and pyrrolidine.

Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression induced by Toll-like receptor agonists by (E)-1-(2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl)pyrrolidine.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize many pathogen-associated molecular patterns and induce innate immunity. TLR signaling pathways induce the activation of various transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), leading to the induction of pro-inflammatory gene products, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Here, we investigated the effect of an (E)-1-(2-(2-nitrovinyl)phenyl)pyrrolidine (NVPP), previously synthesized in our laboratory, on inflammation by modulating NF-κB activation and iNOS expression induced by TLR agonists in murine macrophages.

Phenethyl isothiocyanate regulates inflammation through suppression of the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways.

Main Methods: To evaluate the cytotoxic nature of PEITC in RAW 264.7 cells, cytotoxicity was determined using the MTS cell viability assay.