Inhibitory Effect of Oxaliplatin-loaded Engineered Milk Extracellular Vesicles on Tumor Progression.

Background/aim: Anti-cancer chemotherapy is an effective therapeutic approach. Milk extracellular vesicles (EVs) loaded with chemotherapeutics have a potential anticancer effect by acting as a drug delivery system. Thus, our study aimed to explore the effect of engineered milk extracellular vesicles.

Topical Administration of Melatonin-Loaded Extracellular Vesicle-Mimetic Nanovesicles Improves 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene-Induced Atopic Dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is caused by multiple factors that trigger chronic skin inflammation, including a defective skin barrier, immune cell activation, and microbial exposure. Although melatonin has an excellent biosafety profile and a potential to treat AD, there is limited clinical evidence from controlled trials that support the use of melatonin as an AD treatment. The delivery of melatonin via the transdermal delivery system is also a challenge in designing melatonin-based AD treatments.

Melatonin Treatment Improves Renal Fibrosis via miR-4516/SIAH3/PINK1 Axis.

Dysregulation in mitophagy, in addition to contributing to imbalance in the mitochondrial dynamic, has been implicated in the development of renal fibrosis and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the current understanding of the precise mechanisms behind the pathogenic loss of mitophagy remains unclear for developing cures for CKD. We found that miR-4516 is downregulated and its target SIAH3, an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that reduces PINK1 accumulation to damaged mitochondria, is upregulated in the renal cortex of CKD mice.

Correction: Yun et al. Prion Protein of Extracellular Vesicle Regulates the Progression of Colorectal Cancer. 2021, , 2144.

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...

Melatonin Protects Chronic Kidney Disease Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells against Accumulation of Methylglyoxal via Modulation of Hexokinase-2 Expression.

Treatment options for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are currently limited; therefore, there has been significant interest in applying mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-based therapy to treat CKD. However, MSCs harvested from CKD patients tend to show diminished viability and proliferation due to sustained exposure to uremic toxins in the CKD environment, which limits their utility for cell therapy. The application of melatonin has been demonstrated to improve the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs derived from and engrafted to tissues in patients suffering from CKD, although the underlying biological mechanism has not been elucidated.

PrPC Regulates the Cancer Stem Cell Properties Interaction With c-Met in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Background/aim: Studies have reported that the expression of c-Met and PrP improves tumor progression. However, not much is known about their relationship. We hypothesized that c-Met and PrP interact with each other, and enhance cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics.

Harnessing the Physiological Functions of Cellular Prion Protein in the Kidneys: Applications for Treating Renal Diseases.

A cellular prion protein (PrP) is a ubiquitous cell surface glycoprotein, and its physiological functions have been receiving increased attention. Endogenous PrP is present in various kidney tissues and undergoes glomerular filtration. In prion diseases, abnormal prion proteins are found to accumulate in renal tissues and filtered into urine.

Prion Protein of Extracellular Vesicle Regulates the Progression of Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death due to its aggressive metastasis in later stages. Although there is a growing interest in the tumorigenic role of cellular prion protein (PrP) in the process of metastasis, the precise mechanism behind the cellular communication involving prion proteins remains poorly understood. This study found that hypoxic tumor microenvironment increased the PrP-expressing exosomes from CRC, and these exosomes regulate the CRC cell behavior and tumor progression depending on the expression of PrP.

Bovine milk extracellular vesicles induce the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and promote osteogenesis in rats.

Bone is constantly balanced between the formation of new bone by osteoblasts and the absorption of old bone by osteoclasts. To promote bone growth and improve bone health, it is necessary to promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Although bovine milk is known to exert a beneficial effect on bone formation, the study on the effect of bovine milk extracellular vesicles (EVs) on osteogenesis in osteoblasts is limited.

PrP Aptamer Conjugated-Gold Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin to Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Anticancer drugs, such as fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin, and doxorubicin (Dox) are commonly used to treat colorectal cancer (CRC); however, owing to their low response rate and adverse effects, the development of efficient drug delivery systems (DDSs) is required. The cellular prion protein PrP, which is a cell surface glycoprotein, has been demonstrated to be overexpressed in CRC, however, there has been no research on the development of PrP-targeting DDSs for targeted drug delivery to CRC. In this study, PrP aptamer (Apt)-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized for targeted delivery of Dox to CRC.

The Dual Role of Autophagy in Cancer Development and a Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer by Targeting Autophagy.

Autophagy is a delicate intracellular degradation process that occurs due to diverse stressful conditions, including the accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles as well as nutrient deprivation. The mechanism of autophagy is initiated by the creation of autophagosomes, which capture and encapsulate abnormal components. Afterward, autophagosomes assemble with lysosomes to recycle or remove degradative cargo.

The Cellular Prion Protein: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cancer.

Studies on the cellular prion protein (PrP) have been actively conducted because misfolded PrP is known to cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion disease. PrP is a glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface glycoprotein that has been reported to affect several cellular functions such as stress protection, cellular differentiation, mitochondrial homeostasis, circadian rhythm, myelin homeostasis, and immune modulation. Recently, it has also been reported that PrP mediates tumor progression by enhancing the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancer cells.

Knockdown of CK2α reduces -cresol-induced fibrosis in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells via the downregulation of profilin-1.

Renal fibrosis is one of the main causes of chronic kidney disease. Many studies have focused on fibroblasts and myofibroblasts involved in renal fibrogenesis. Recently, several studies have reported that renal proximal tubule epithelial cells are possible initiators of renal fibrosis.

Role of PrP in Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics and Drug Resistance in Colon Cancer Cells.

Background/aim: Cancer stem cell characteristics and drug resistance of colorectal cancer are associated with failure of cancer treatment. In this study, we investigated the effects of PrP on cancer stem cell characteristics, migration, invasion, and drug resistance of 5FU-resistant CRC cells.

Materials And Methods: PrP negative and PrP positive cells were isolated from 5FU-resistant CRC cells using magnetic activated cell sorting.

Melatonin Suppresses Renal Cortical Fibrosis by Inhibiting Cytoskeleton Reorganization and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through Regulation of miR-4516.

Renal fibrosis, a major risk factor for kidney failure, can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is caused by cytoskeleton reorganization and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the potential of melatonin treatment to reduce renal fibrosis by recovering the cytoskeleton reorganization and mitochondrial dysfunction. We found that miR-4516 expression was downregulated in the renal cortex of CKD mice and -cresol-treated TH1 cells.

Indoor dust extracellular vesicles promote cancer lung metastasis by inducing tumour necrosis factor-α.

Indoor pollutants are important problems to public health. Among indoor pollutants, indoor dust contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are associated with pulmonary inflammation. However, it has not been reported whether indoor dust EVs affect the cancer lung metastasis.

Melatonin Protects Human Renal Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells Against High Glucose-Mediated Fibrosis via the Cellular Prion Protein-TGF-β-Smad Signaling Axis.

Diabetes-mediated hyperglycemia is a major risk factor for renal fibrosis, resulting in the development of chronic kidney diseases. To address this issue, the effect of melatonin, which has an antioxidative potential, on renal fibrosis in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells under high glucose conditions was investigated. Under high glucose conditions, the generation of reactive oxygen species was drastically increased in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, which lead to the inhibition of cell proliferation, enlargement of cell size, reduction of cell survival, and suppression of antioxidant enzyme activities.

Quantitative proteomic analysis of trypsin-treated extracellular vesicles to identify the real-vesicular proteins.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vesicles surrounded by a lipid bilayer and released into the extracellular milieu by most of cells. Although various EV isolation methods have been established, most of the current methods isolate EVs with contaminated non-vesicular proteins. By applying the label-free quantitative proteomic analyses of human colon cancer cell SW480-derived EVs, we identified trypsin-sensitive and trypsin-resistant vesicular proteins.

Extracellular Vesicle-Mimetic Ghost Nanovesicles for Delivering Anti-Inflammatory Drugs to Mitigate Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle-Induced Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome.

Sepsis is one of the major causes of death in hospital patients and is represented by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with infection. Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli can provoke sepsis by stimulating the immune systems. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nanosized vesicular structures derived from Gram-negative bacteria, contain several pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and are demonstrated to mediate SIRS.

Outer Membrane Vesicles Derived From Regulate Neutrophil Migration by Induction of Endothelial IL-8.

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spherical, proteolipid nanostructures that are constitutively released by Gram-negative bacteria including . Although it has been shown that administration of OMVs stimulates a strong pulmonary inflammatory response with infiltration of neutrophils into the lungs , the mechanism of OMV-mediated neutrophil recruitment is poorly characterized. In this study, we observed significant infiltration of neutrophils into the mouse lung tissues , with increased expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL1, a murine functional homolog of human IL-8, on intraperitoneal administration of OMVs.

Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The release of extracellular vesicles, also known as outer membrane vesicles, membrane vesicles, exosomes, and microvesicles, is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon from bacteria to eukaryotes. It has been reported that Mycobacterium tuberculosis releases extracellular vesicles harboring immunologically active molecules, and these extracellular vesicles have been suggested to be applicable in vaccine development and biomarker discovery. However, the comprehensive proteomic analysis has not been performed for M.

EVpedia: a community web portal for extracellular vesicles research.

Motivation: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are spherical bilayered proteolipids, harboring various bioactive molecules. Due to the complexity of the vesicular nomenclatures and components, online searches for EV-related publications and vesicular components are currently challenging.

Results: We present an improved version of EVpedia, a public database for EVs research.

EVpedia: an integrated database of high-throughput data for systemic analyses of extracellular vesicles.

Secretion of extracellular vesicles is a general cellular activity that spans the range from simple unicellular organisms (e.g. archaea; Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) to complex multicellular ones, suggesting that this extracellular vesicle-mediated communication is evolutionarily conserved.

Circulating extracellular vesicles in cancer diagnosis and monitoring: an appraisal of clinical potential.

Mammalian cells, including cancer cells, secrete extracellular vesicles. These vesicles are nanosized, bilayered proteolipids with diameters of 50-1,000 nm. It has been suggested that cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles play diverse roles in cancer progression, which involve invasion, immune modulation, neovascularization, and metastasis.