Dedicated neuroimaging analysis in children with primary headaches: prevalence of lesions and a comparison between patients with and without migraines.

Background: This study evaluated the prevalence and types of intracranial lesions through dedicated imaging analysis of primary headaches in children and compared them between patients with and without migraine.

Methods: This study included 190 children diagnosed with primary headache who underwent neuroimaging, including brain computed tomography (CT), CT angiography (CTA), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All patients with primary headaches was divided into two groups, namely, the migraine and non-migraine groups, on the basis of data from electronic medical records.

Accelerated 3D T2-weighted images using compressed sensing for pediatric brain imaging.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the image quality of the 3D T2-weighted images accelerated using conventional method (CAI-SPACE) with the images accelerated using compressed sensing (CS-SPACE) in pediatric brain imaging.

Methods: A total of 116 brain MRI (53 with CAI-SPACE and 63 with CS-SPACE) were obtained from children 16 years old or younger. Quantitative image quality was evaluated using the apparent signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR).

Dedicated sellar magnetic resonance imaging protocols without contrast enhancement in girls with central precocious puberty: prevalence of pathologic lesions and clinical correlation.

Objective: Contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is routinely performed in children with central precocious puberty (CPP). We evaluated the value of a dedicated sellar MRI protocol without contrast enhancement in girls with CPP.

Methods: This study included 261 girls diagnosed with CPP.

Filum terminale lipoma revealed by screening spinal ultrasonography in infants with simple sacral dimple.

Purpose: Spine ultrasound (US) examinations are widely performed in neonates and infants with sacral dimple to exclude associated congenital malformations. Increased utilization of, and improvements in, sonographic technology has resulted in the frequent identification of echogenic filum terminale (FT) containing fat below the conus medullaris, termed FT lipoma or fatty FT. We examined the value of screening US, especially for diagnosis of FT lipoma, in infants with "simple sacral dimple.

Giant arachnoid granulation in a child with benign intracranial hypertension: an unusual case.

Case Presentation: A 6-year-old girl complained of diplopia and headache over a 2-week period after sustaining a minor head injury. Her neurological examinations were normal, but visual examination identified bilateral papilledema. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a protruding nodular lesion causing compression within the anterior superior sagittal sinus in the midline, showing high signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and low signal intensity on T1WI, similar to that of cerebrospinal fluid.

Axial Spondylometaphyseal Dysplasia Is Caused by C21orf2 Mutations.

Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (axial SMD) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by dysplasia of axial skeleton and retinal dystrophy. We conducted whole exome sequencing and identified C21orf2 (chromosome 21 open reading frame 2) as a disease gene for axial SMD. C21orf2 mutations have been recently found to cause isolated retinal degeneration and Jeune syndrome.

Diagnostic performance of thyroid ultrasonography screening in pediatric patients with a hypothyroid, hyperthyroid or euthyroid goiter.

Background: Goiter is frequently the first indicator of thyroid disease in children.

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography (US) in the identification of potential malignant nodules and autoimmune thyroiditis in children with diffuse goiter.

Materials And Methods: This study consisted of 113 patients <20 years with a diffuse goiter who underwent thyroid US.

Neonatal pneumoperitoneum and meconium-stained peritoneal fluid of uncertain cause.

A 2-day-old male infant was referred to hospital because he was continually moaning. Massive pneumoperitoneum was observed on plain radiographs on the day of admission. This case is unique in that the massive pneumoperitoneum with meconium-stained peritoneal fluid was not associated with any evidence of bowel perforation seen on laparotomy.

Esophageal lung diagnosed following the primary repair of esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula in a neonate.

Communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations are a diverse group of congenital anomalies characterized by a fistula between the respiratory and alimentary systems. Among these malformations, the association of an esophageal lung with esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) is extremely rare. We report the case of a neonate with esophageal lung detected following the primary repair of EA with TEF.

Fetal primary small bowel volvulus in a child without intestinal malrotation.

Fetal primary small bowel volvulus without atresia or malrotation is an extremely rare but life-threatening surgical emergency. We report a case of primary small bowel volvulus that presented as sudden fetal distress and was diagnosed on the basis of the 'whirl-pool sign' of fetal sonography. This diagnosis led to emergency operation after birth at the third trimester with a good outcome.

Risk factors associated with nephrocalcinosis in preterm infants.

Purpose: The objective was to identify the risk factors associated with nephrocalcinosis (NC) in preterm infants.

Methods: NC was diagnosed by renal sonography at 4 or 8 weeks of life, and 10 infants who had findings of type 3 or 4 NC were classified as the NC group. Various clinical and laboratory factors were compared between NC and control groups.

Extensive unilateral cerebral infarct in a full-term newborn.

The authors report a case of extensive, unilateral hemispheric infarct with internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion in a term infant emphasizing the value of MRI, particularly diffusion weighted imaging (DWI).

Disseminated congenital tuberculosis presenting as peritonitis in an infant.

Congenital tuberculosis is a rare disease which is curable after early diagnosis. Making an early diagnosis of tuberculosis in an infant is difficult, however, because of its nonspecific clinical findings. It therefore requires a high index of suspicion.

Haddad syndrome presenting with abdominal distension associated with long-segment aganglionosis.

Haddad syndrome is a form of neurocristopathy characterized by a combination of congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and Hirschsprung disease (HD). Although Haddad syndrome is extremely rare, awareness of the combination of long-segment HD in Haddad syndrome as well as radiographic manifestations may help to ensure a timely diagnosis as well as to facilitate optimal treatment of this unusual condition. We report a case of Haddad syndrome with long-segment, intestinal aganglionosis in a newborn infant.

Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia: additional reports.

Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMD) (OMIM 602271) is an uncommon skeletal dysplasia characterized by metaphyseal changes of truncal-juxtatruncal bones, including the proximal femora, and retinal abnormalities. The disorder has not attracted much attention since initially reported; however, it has been included in the nosology of genetic skeletal disorders [Warman et al. (2011); Am J Med Genet Part A 155A:943-968] in part because of a recent publication of two additional cases [Isidor et al.

Postoperative ileo-ileal intussusception following surgical resection of patent omphalomesenteric duct.

A female neonate with patent omphalomesenteric duct was treated by ductal excision. Six days following surgery, she developed vomiting and abdominal distension. On plain radiographs, distended bowel loops with multiple, air-fluid levels consistent with an intestinal obstruction were evident.

Pulmonary manifestations in Proteus syndrome: pulmonary varicosities and bullous lung disease.

We report on two patients with Proteus syndrome (PS), with emphasis on its pulmonary manifestations. The first patient was a 6-year-old girl diagnosed with PS at 5 years of age. The pulmonary abnormalities first observed at age 3 years and included streaky densities with accentuated vascular markings detected by chest radiography.

Comparison of clinico-radiological features between congenital cystic neuroblastoma and neonatal adrenal hemorrhagic pseudocyst.

Objective: To evaluate the radiological and clinical findings of congenital cystic neuroblastomas as compared with those of the cystic presentation of neonatal adrenal hemorrhage.

Materials And Methods: We analyzed the US (n = 52), CT (n = 24), and MR (n = 4) images as well as the medical records of 28 patients harboring congenital cystic neuroblastomas (n = 16) and neonatal adrenal hemorrhagic pseudocysts (n = 14). The history of prenatal detection, location, size, presence of outer wall enhancement, internal septations, solid portion, calcification, turbidity, vascular flow on a Doppler examination, and evolution patterns were compared in two groups of cystic lesions, by Fischer's exact test.

Neostigmine for the treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) in pediatric hematologic malignancies.

Background: Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction (ACPO) refers to dilatation of the colon and decreased bowel motility without evidence of mechanical obstruction. Neostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, has been used in patients in whom supportive therapy failed to resolve ACPO. Here, we report the results of administering neostigmine to treat ACPO in children with hematologic malignancies.

Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in children: manifestations in hematopoietic cell recipients in comparison with liver recipients.

Purpose: To compare the clinical and imaging features of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in pediatric patients who underwent hematopoietic cell transplantation with those in pediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation.

Materials And Methods: This study was approved by the institutional review board, and the requirement to obtain informed consent was waived. The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records and images of 552 hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and 195 liver transplant recipients.

Gliomatosis peritonei of the scrotal sac associated with an immature gastric teratoma.

A male infant presented with bilateral scrotal masses 7 months after removal of an immature gastric teratoma. After surgical excision, histology showed gliomatosis peritonei. We report an unusual presentation of gliomatosis peritonei arising from a rare lesion of immature gastric teratoma.

Kikuchi's disease in children: clinical manifestations and imaging features.

Previously published studies on Kikuchi disease (KD) have frequently addressed the computed tomography (CT) findings in the adult population, however, only a few studies have been reported for the pediatric age group. The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical characteristics and imaging features of KD in children. Fifteen children (2-14 yr) who had a neck CT and pathology diagnosis of KD were included in this study.