On the anatomy of acoustic emission.

Abrupt, local frictional fault failure comprises a displacement that is normally accompanied by acoustic emission (AE)-an impulsive elastic wave broadcast with an amplitude proportional to particle velocity. The aggregate of these displacements is the basic fault motion. In laboratory shear experiments, the examination of a sequence of laboratory earthquakes includes continuous measurements of fault motion and the associated AE that is broadcast.

Simultaneous single-nucleus RNA sequencing and single-nucleus ATAC sequencing of neuroblastoma cell lines.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, and a leading cause of childhood cancer deaths. All neuroblastomas arise from neural crest-derived sympathetic neuronal progenitors, but numerous mutations, the most common of which is MYCN amplification, give rise to these lesions. Epigenetic aberrations also play a role in oncogenesis and tumor progression.

Implementation and Evaluation of an Academic Development Rotation for Surgery Residents.

Objective: To describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of a two-week rotation intended to enhance junior surgical residents' preparation for their dedicated professional development time (PDT) and academic careers.

Design: As part of a multifaceted effort to promote residents' academic development, we designed a two-week, nonclinical "Academic Development Block" (ADB) rotation for postgraduate year (PGY)-2 and -3 residents. During this rotation, residents meet with clinical, research, and peer mentors and work on academic activities, with relevant deliverables specific to each class year.

Dietary iron deficiency impairs effector function of memory T cells following influenza infection.

The establishment of memory T cell responses is critical to protection against pathogens and is influenced by the conditions under which memory formation occurs. Iron is an essential micronutrient for multiple immunologic processes and nutritional deficiency is a common problem worldwide. Despite its prevalence, the impact of nutritional iron deficiency on the establishment of memory T cell responses is not fully understood.

Five-year Follow-up of a Prospective Food and Drug Administration Investigational Device Exemption Trial Evaluating a PEEK-on-Ceramic Cervical Disk Replacement.

Study Design: Prospective trial comparing the investigation group to propensity-matched historic control group.

Objective: To evaluate five-year results of single-level PEEK-on-ceramic cervical total disc replacement (TDR) compared with a propensity-matched anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) control group.

Summary Of Background Data: Cervical TDR has gained acceptance as a treatment for symptomatic disk degeneration.

Resolving Resident Colonic Muscularis Macrophage Diversity and Plasticity During Colitis.

Background: Immune cell populations in the intestinal muscularis propria during colitis are poorly resolved. Maintaining homeostasis in this niche is critical, highlighted by the poorer prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease associated with muscularis propria inflammation.

Methods: This study utilizes single-cell RNA sequencing to survey the immune cell populations within the muscularis propria of normal colon and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis.

Treatment of failed cervical total disc replacements in a series of 53 cases and description of a management strategy.

Purpose: To describe modes of failure of cervical TDR, their related treatment strategies, and to describe a management strategy for the treatment of failed cervical TDR.

Methods: This retrospective study was based on a consecutive series of 53 cervical TDR patients who underwent removal or revision surgery. Chart review was conducted to collect general descriptive data, reasons for TDR removal/revision, duration from index implantation to re-operation, and the subsequent procedure performed.

Mature enteric neurons have the capacity to reinnervate the intestine with glial cells as their guide.

Here, we establish that plasticity exists within the postnatal enteric nervous system by demonstrating the reinnervation potential of post-mitotic enteric neurons (ENs). Employing BAF53b-Cre mice for selective neuronal tracing, the reinnervation capabilities of mature postnatal ENs are shown across multiple model systems. Isolated ENs regenerate neurites in vitro, with neurite complexity and direction influenced by contact with enteric glial cells (EGCs).

Human γδ T cells in diverse tissues exhibit site-specific maturation dynamics across the life span.

During ontogeny, γδ T cells emerge from the thymus and directly seed peripheral tissues for in situ immunity. However, their functional role in humans has largely been defined from blood. Here, we analyzed the phenotype, transcriptome, function, and repertoire of human γδ T cells in blood and mucosal and lymphoid tissues from 176 donors across the life span, revealing distinct profiles in children compared with adults.

Clinical Outcome of Lumbar Hybrid Surgery in a Consecutive Series of Patients With Long-term Follow-up.

Study Design: This was a retrospective study combined with attempted prospective patient contact to collect current data.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term clinical outcomes of patients undergoing lumbar hybrid surgery (total disk replacement (TDR) at one level and fusion at an adjacent level.

Summary Of Background Data: Many patients with symptomatic lumbar disk degeneration are affected at more than one level.

Removals and Revisions of Cervical Total Disc Replacement Devices in a Consecutive Series of 1626 Patients Beginning With the First Case Experience in 2003.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the rate of cervical total disc replacement (TDR) device removal or revision.

Background: Cervical TDR has gained acceptance as an alternative to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in appropriately selected patients.

Is the Use of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Justified During Lumbar Anterior Approach Surgery?

Background: Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) became widely used in spine surgery to reduce the risk of iatrogenic nerve injury. However, the proliferation of IONM has fallen into question based on effectiveness and costs, with a lack of evidence supporting its benefit for specific spine surgery procedures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of IONM and the rate of neurological injury associated with anterior lumbar spinal surgery.

A call for a unified and multimodal definition of cellular identity in the enteric nervous system.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a tantalizing frontier in neuroscience. With the recent emergence of single cell transcriptomic technologies, this rare and poorly understood tissue has begun to be better characterized in recent years. A precise functional mapping of enteric neuron diversity is critical for understanding ENS biology and enteric neuropathies.

Prosthesis design and likelihood of achieving physiological range of motion after cervical disc arthroplasty: analysis of range of motion data from 1,173 patients from 7 IDE clinical trials.

Background Context: The functional goals of cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) are to restore enough range of motion (ROM) to reduce the risk of accelerated adjacent segment degeneration but limit excessive motion to maintain a biomechanically stable index segment. This motion-range is termed the "Physiological mobility range." Clinical studies report postoperative ROM averaged over all study subjects but they do not report what proportion of reconstructed segments yield ROM in the Physiological mobility range following CDA surgery.

Lumbar Total Disk Replacement Device Removals and Revisions Performed During a 20-Year Experience with 2141 Patients.

Study Design: This was a retrospective study with prospective patient contact attempted to collect current data.

Objective: The purpose was to investigate the incidence and reasons for lumbar total disk replacement (TDR) removal or revision.

Summary Of Background Data: A concern regarding lumbar TDR was safety, particularly the need for device removal or revision.

Differentiated neuroblastoma cells remain epigenetically poised for de-differentiation to an immature state.

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood and accounts for a significant share of childhood cancer deaths. Prior studies utilizing RNA sequencing of bulk tumor populations showed two predominant cell states characterized by high and low expression of neuronal genes. Although cells respond to treatment by altering their gene expression, it is unclear whether this reflects shifting balances of distinct subpopulations or plasticity of individual cells.

Informed Consent for Spine Procedures: Best Practice Guideline from the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN).

Introduction: The evolution of treatment options for painful spinal disorders in diverse settings has produced a variety of approaches to patient care among clinicians from multiple professional backgrounds. The American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) Best Practice group identified a need for a multidisciplinary guideline regarding appropriate and effective informed consent processes for spine procedures.

Objective: The ASPN Informed Consent Guideline was developed to provide clinicians with a comprehensive evaluation of patient consent practices during the treatment of spine pathology.

Evaluating alternatives to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for assessing bone quality in patients undergoing spine surgery.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast lumbar bone quality and osteoporosis/osteopenia screening results via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), CT, and MRI.

Methods: A consecutive series of 426 candidates screened for lumbar disc replacement over a 5-year period beginning in 2018 was reviewed. Patients with a preoperative lumbar spine DEXA scan and a CT and/or MRI scan were included.

Induction of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue is an early life adaptation for promoting human B cell immunity.

Infants and young children are more susceptible to common respiratory pathogens than adults but can fare better against novel pathogens like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The mechanisms by which infants and young children mount effective immune responses to respiratory pathogens are unknown. Through investigation of lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes from infant and pediatric organ donors aged 0-13 years, we show that bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), containing B cell follicles, CD4 T cells and functionally active germinal centers, develop during infancy.

Assessing lumbar vertebral bone quality: a methodological evaluation of CT and MRI as alternatives to traditional DEXA.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of various methods on the assessment of vertebral bone quality.

Methods: A consecutive series of 427 candidates for lumbar disc replacement with lumbar DEXA and MRI and/or CT scans were included. Two measurement techniques were used on CTs-a sagittal and axial.

Site-specific development and progressive maturation of human tissue-resident memory T cells over infancy and childhood.

Infancy and childhood are critical life stages for generating immune memory to protect against pathogens; however, the timing, location, and pathways for memory development in humans remain elusive. Here, we investigated T cells in mucosal sites, lymphoid tissues, and blood from 96 pediatric donors aged 0-10 years using phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic profiling. Our results revealed that memory T cells preferentially localized in the intestines and lungs during infancy and accumulated more rapidly in mucosal sites compared with blood and lymphoid organs, consistent with site-specific antigen exposure.

The use of a new high-speed shielded curved drill is associated with improved intraoperative and clinical outcomes after cervical corpectomy and fusion procedures: a retrospective case series.

Background: Anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) is an effective technique to address multi-level degenerative cervical myelopathy. However, as the number of surgical levels increases, the outcomes worsen with respect to complication rates, range of motion and length of surgery. This study aimed to determine the clinical outcome of ACCF procedures performed using a new distally curved and shielded drilling device.

Primary and Immortalized Cultures of Human Proximal Tubule Cells Possess Both Progenitor and Non-Progenitor Cells That Can Impact Experimental Results.

Studies have reported the presence of renal proximal tubule specific progenitor cells which co-express PROM1 and CD24 markers on the cell surface. The RPTEC/TERT cell line is a telomerase-immortalized proximal tubule cell line that expresses two populations of cells, one co-expressing PROM1 and CD24 and another expressing only CD24, identical to primary cultures of human proximal tubule cells (HPT). The RPTEC/TERT cell line was used by the authors to generate two new cell lines, HRTPT co-expressing PROM1 and CD24 and HREC24T expressing only CD24.