Aging in blood vessels. Medicinal agents FOR systemic arterial hypertension in the elderly.

Aging impairs blood vessel function and leads to cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms underlying the age-related endothelial, smooth muscle and extracellular matrix vascular dysfunction are discussed. Vascular dysfunction is caused by: (1) Oxidative stress enhancement.

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase impairment is restored by clofibrate treatment in an animal model of hypertension.

Adequate production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) requires eNOS coupling promoted by tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)). Under pathological conditions such as hypertension, BH(4) is diminished, avoiding eNOS coupling. When eNOS is "uncoupled", it yields a superoxide anion instead of NO.

Myocardial postconditioning: anaesthetic considerations.

"Recently, it has been shown that the heart can be protected against the ischemia-reperfusion injury if brief coronary occlusions are performed just at the beginning of the reperfusion. This procedure has been called postconditioning (PostC). It can also be elicited by pharmacological interventions, which are named pharmacological PostC.

Antiarrhythmic and cardioprotective effects of remifentanil in anesthetized dogs.

Objective: To study the antiarrhythmic effect of remifentanil in experimental arrhythmias in dogs.

Methods: We used dogs weighing 12 kg-18 kg anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital given intravenously. Ventricular arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation and death were induced with digoxin (9 microg/kg/min).

Antiarrhythmic and arrhythmogenic action of inosine in experimental ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Objective: To study the possible action of inosine on experimental ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Material And Methods: We used 92 mongrel dogs weighing 13 kg-17 kg, anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital applied intravenously. Myocardial lesions were induced by injecting 1 ml-1.

[Hypertension in women].

The cardiovascular disease is a crucial cause of morbidity and mortality in the woman mainly when they arrive at menopause. The pathophysiology and neurohormonal mechanisms widely vary with respect to the man. This finding has given the support to think that the estrogens may be playing a protector role in cardiovascular disease.

[Therapeutic clinical approach for the elderly patient with hypertension: recommendations for clinical practice].

The incidence of hypertension in the geriatric population is very high and is a significant determinant of cardiovascular risk in this group. The tendency for blood pressure to increase with age in westernized societies such as the United States may depend on environmental factors such as diet, stress, and inactivity. Our population tends to become more obese; to consume relatively greater amounts of sodium and lesser amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium; and to decrease exercising with increasing age.

[Extreme elevation of the blood pressure (hypertensive crisis): recommendations for its clinical-therapeutic approach].

From beginnings of last century the hypertensive emergency was defined as the association of acutely elevation from the arterial pressure and the appearance of damage to end organ. At present is recognized the effects of the hypertensive emergency, the aspects of its patophysiology in which are included phenomenon of vasomotricity and the participation of different substances with vasoactives properties. The clinical presentation includes not only the manifestations of the increase of the arterial pressure, the end organ damage too; for this reason the hypertensive emergency needs the immediate reduction of the arterial tension to prevent the damage to specific organs.

[Prevention and treatment of hypertension and coronary heart disease].

The association between arterial systemic hypertension arterial coronary disease has been demonstrated by cumulated evidence of several epidemiological studies. Hypertension is an important independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, vascular cerebral disease and nephropathy. Important advances exist in the knowledge of neurohumoral and hemodynamic factors that come together in the pathophysiology of the hypertension and in the development of coronary disease that allow to establish better strategies not only of treatment, but also of prevention, with the purpose of diminishing the cardiovascular mortality.

[Clinical guidelines for detection, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of systemic arterial hypertension in Mexico (2008)].

The multidisciplinary Institutional Committee of experts in Systemic Arterial Hypertension from the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez" presents its update (2008) of "Guidelines and Recommendations" for the early detection, control, treatment and prevention of Hypertension. The boarding tries to be simple and realistic for all that physicians whom have to face the hypertensive population in their clinical practice. The information is based in the most recent scientific evidence.

Ionic basis of pharmacological therapy in Brugada syndrome.

An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is considered the only effective therapy to terminate ventricular arrhythmias in symptomatic patients with Brugada syndrome. However, it does not prevent future arrhythmic episodes. Only antiarrhythmic drug therapy can prevent them.

Viscum album aqueous extract induces NOS-2 and NOS-3 overexpression in Guinea pig hearts.

Viscum album L. aqueous extract, on the Langendorff isolated and perfused heart model, decreases coronary vascular resistance, when compared to control group (36.00 +/- 2.

Drug therapy in Brugada syndrome.

Sudden cardiac death in healthy individuals with structurally normal hearts and a characteristic morphology of the QRS complex resembling a right bundle branch block with elevation of the ST segment in V1 to V3 is known as Brugada syndrome (BrS). Although placement of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is considered the only effective therapy for symptomatic patients, some authors have repeatedly reported a beneficial effect of quinidine and isoproterenol in patients with BrS. Also, isolated case reports on the usefulness of cilostazol, sotalol, and mexiletine have been described.

Effect of the digitoxigenin derivative, INCICH-D7, on Na+, K+-ATPase.

Compound 14beta,17beta-cycloketoester-3beta-OH androstane (INCICH-D7) is a semisynthetic product of a structural modification of the digitoxigenin molecule. INCICH-D7 has a heterocyclic ketoester type fusion between positions C14 and C17 of the steroid nucleus, which confers this molecule stronger electronegativity than that of digitoxigenin. INCICH-D7 retained positive inotropic effect, with a greater safety margin, when compared to digitoxigenin and ouabain.

Prevalance of proteinuria in Mexico: a conjunctive consolidation approach with other cardiovascular risk factors: the Mexican Health Survey 2000.

Background: A number of cross-sectional or serial studies have demonstrated the clinical impact of microproteinuria and macroproteinuria by identifying individuals at risk of both end-stage renal disease and major cardiovascular events. This study focused on the prevalence of proteinuria in Mexico and its relationship with other cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, body mass index, smoking, age, and gender.

Methods: The prevalence of proteinuria in Mexico was obtained from the probabilistic cross-sectional national health survey performed in the year 2000.

[Early and late effects of adenosine in experimental ventricular tachycardia].

Introduction And Objective: To study the action of adenosine in experimental ventricular tachycardia.

Material And Method: We studied 173 mongrel dogs weighing 13-17 kg anesthetized with 30 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital given intravenously. Myocardial lesions were provoked with the injection of 1-1.

[Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension in Mexico: urban conjunctive consolidation with obesity, diabetes and smoking].

Aims: To know the prevalence and the interaction among the principal cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia (HCL), hypertension (HTA), overweight, carbohydrates metabolism disturbances, and smoking, an urban survey was performed in the six Mexican Republic states, where the national population is more concentrated.

Methods: This survey was transversally designed using the WHO type-III model in 120,005 adults from 6 highly populated urban centers (Mexico City, Guadalajara, León, Puebla, Monterrey andTijuana) were included. A blood sample from each person was obtained to quantify fasting glucose and cholesterol.

[Arrhythmic activity of the papillary muscle induced by high frequency stimulation: n1 rhythms,transition forms and hysteresis].

Cardiac tissues are able to work within a wide range of frequencies to respond to the changing requirements an organism may have. However, during these frequency variations and under certain pathologic conditions arrhythmias such as blocks, tachycardia, fibrillation, etc, may arise some with fatal consequences. For this reason several experimental procedures have been developed that have shown to be useful in studying whole heart properties, or as an alternative from portions of it when changes in its work rate are imposed.