Comparison of upper airway obstruction during zolpidem-induced sleep and propofol-induced sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a pilot study.

Study Objectives: Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) using propofol is commonly used to identify the pharyngeal structure involved in collapse among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. DISE has never been compared with zolpidem-induced sleep endoscopy. We hypothesized that propofol at recommended sedation levels does not influence upper airway collapsibility nor the frequency of multilevel pharyngeal collapse as compared with zolpidem-induced sleep.

Motivations for smoking in hospitalized patients.

Objective: To investigate the profile of motivations for smoking among inpatients at a hospital in southern Brazil.

Methods: A survey study involving hospitalized smokers. The Modified Reasons for Smoking Scale (MRFSS) and its domains were analyzed according to gender and dependence degree.