In Situ Printing of Polylactic Acid/Nanoceramic Filaments for the Repair of Bone Defects Using a Portable 3D Device.

3D printing is attractive for the direct repair of bone defects in underdeveloped countries and in emergency situations. So far, the lack of an interesting method to produce filament using FDA-approved biopolymers and nanoceramics combined with a portable strategy limits the use of in situ 3D printing. Herein, we investigated the osseointegration of new nanocomposite filaments based on polylactic acid (PLA), laponite (Lap), and hydroxyapatite (Hap) printed directly at the site of the bone defect in rats using a portable 3D printer.