Nasal allergen challenge with Blomia tropicalis in children and adolescents.

Background: Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is a well-defined phenotype in adults, but still there is little data available on children. This scarcity of data can be partly attributed to the lack of standardized protocols for Nasal Allergen Challenges (NAC) in this demographic.

Methods: 20 controls (control group) and 24 patients (rhinitis group) with allergic rhinitis diagnosis sensitized to Blomia tropicalis (Bt) underwent the NAC with Bt.

Is allergen immunotherapy a model of personalized treatment in pediatric respiratory allergy?

Purpose Of Review: To review recent evidence on allergen immunotherapy (AIT) as a model of personalized medicine in the treatment of children and adolescents with respiratory allergies.

Recent Findings: Meta-analysis and systematic review studies continue to point out that AIT is an effective treatment for children with respiratory allergies. Molecular allergy allows the understanding of patient sensitization profiles that frequently change the prescription of AIT.

Behavioral disorders in children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence and pattern of behavioral problems in children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis (AD) and to study their associations with clinical data and severity.

Methods: This was a single-center, cross-sectional study of patients (6-17 years) with AD. Assessment of competencies and syndrome scale scores of behavioral problems was performed by applying the Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 (CBCL 6-18) and AD severity using the Eczema Area Severity Index (EASI) score.

Rapid maxillary expansion and nasal patency in mouth breathing children with maxillary atresia due to or not due to allergic rhinitis.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on nasal patency in mouth breathing (MB) children with maxillary atresia due to or not due to allergic rhinitis (AR) associated with asthma.

Methods: Fifty-three MB children/adolescents (aged 7-14 years) with mixed or permanent dentition and maxillary atresia participated, with or without unilateral or bilateral crossbite. They formed the groups: RAD (AR + asthma; clinical treatment, RME); RAC (AR + asthma; clinical treatment, no RME); and D (mouth breathers; RME only).

Impulse oscillometry in children and adolescents with persistent asthma and its correlation with spirometry.

Introduction: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Spirometry is the traditional test for assessing lung function, while impulse oscillometrics is an alternative resource that measures the impedance of the respiratory system.

Objective: To evaluate the pulmonary function of children and adolescents with asthma by impulse oscillometry and correlate the findings with those obtained by spirometry.

Incidence, triggering factors, symptoms, and treatment of anaphylaxis in a pediatric hospital.

Objective: Assess the incidence of anaphylaxis in the emergency room (ER) of a private pediatric hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and describe associated factors.

Method: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational study based on the medical records of patients from 0 to 18 years old seen at the emergency unit during the years of 2016-2019, who had a diagnosis potentially related to anaphylaxis according to ICD-10. All medical records were individually reviewed for the presence of compatible signs and symptoms that identified "possible" cases of anaphylaxis.

Psychological stress in asthma: repercussions on epigenetics-genetics, immune responses, and pulmonary function in the pediatric population.

In the assessment of childhood asthma, identifying the risk factors associated with exacerbations and broadening this view to understand psychological stress and its repercussions on the inflammatory process of asthma allow a different perspective on this biopsychosocial disease. Psychological stress, as a risk factor for the onset and noncontrol of asthma, has been increasingly evaluated from the perspective of the repercussions on the body of the stimulus generated in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and adrenal glands, with cortisol release and immune system action. These processes trigger changes in T helper 2 cells, which polarize allergic processes, and dysfunctions in immune tolerance mechanisms, with a decrease in regulatory T cells.

Local allergic rhinitis in children: A systematic review.

Background: Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is a well-defined and reported phenotype in adults, but data is scarce for children and adolescents, and it is probably an undiagnosed and highly underestimated condition in childhood.

Objectives: The objectives of this systematic review were to identify original observational studies published on LAR in children and adolescents and to describe the prevalence and characteristics of this phenotype in the pediatric age group.

Methods: A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE databases.

Mucopolysaccharidosis patients have reduced functional capacity.

Introduction: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of rare diseases caused by an intralysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans, resulting in a multisystemic clinical condition characterized by variable degrees of physical-functional impairment.

Objective: To evaluate the functional capacity (FC) of MPS patients and compare with a healthy control group.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of 6- to 39-year-old patients followed at a medical reference center and compared with their control peers, matched by age and sex.

Is the modified shuttle test a maximal effort test in children and adolescents with asthma?

Purpose: Whether the modified shuttle test (MST) achieves maximal effort in children and adolescents with asthma is unclear. The aim was to compare the physiological responses of MST to the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in pediatric patients with asthma, to observe its convergent validity.

Patients And Methods: A cross-sectional study with volunteers with asthma (6-17 years of age) under regular treatment.

Heart rate recovery in asthmastic children and adolescents after clinical field test.

Background: Inflammation caused by chronic lung disease in childhood may lead to delayed heart rate recovery (HRR) however, there is lack of evidence on HRR in this population. The aim was to assess HRR after functional capacity testing in asthmatic children and adolescents and to compare with severity and disease control.

Method: This was a study secondary to a randomized control trial.

Associated factors with recurrent wheezing in infants: is there difference between the sexes?

Objective: Identify associated factors for recurrent wheezing (RW) in male and female infants.

Methods: Cross-sectional multicentric study using the standardized questionnaire from the Estudio Internacional sobre Sibilancias en Lactantes (EISL). The questionnaire was applied to parents of 9345 infants aged 12-15 months at the time of immunization/routine visits.

COVID-19 and Pediatric Asthma: Clinical and Management Challenges.

Asthma is the most frequent chronic condition in childhood and a current concern exists about asthma in the pediatric population and its risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although all ages can be affected, SARS-CoV-2 infection has lower clinical impact on children and adolescents than on adults. Fever, cough and shortness of breath are the most common symptoms and signs in children; wheezing has not been frequently reported.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH COVID-19: REPORT OF THE FIRST 115 CASES FROM SABARÁ HOSPITAL INFANTIL.

Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations and severity of children and adolescents affected by COVID-19 treated at Sabará Hospital Infantil.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational study. All cases of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-qPCR of patients seen at the hospital (emergency room, first-aid room, and ICU) were analyzed.

Asthma, allergic sensitization and lung function in sickle cell disease.

Background: Pulmonary disease is a frequent acute and chronic manifestation in sickle cell disease (SCD), presenting high morbidity and mortality.

Objectives: To identify the prevalence and association of asthma, allergic sensitization and altered pulmonary function in patients with SCD (SS and Sβ).

Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted, in which 70 patients with SCD and 44 controls, aged six to 18 years, responded to the questionnaire of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), complemented with an anamnesis regarding the associated clinical outcomes.

Association between thoracic musculoskeletal abnormalities and lung function in preterm infants.

Introduction: In view of the difficulties and risks of performing lung function tests in infants and the hypothesis that children with abnormal pulmonary test may exhibit thoracic musculoskeletal alterations.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the frequency of abnormal lung function and their relationship.

Materials And Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with children from 6 to 12 months of corrected age, born at a gestational age of <37 weeks and with a birthweight ≤1500 g, who were subjected to a lung function test and photogrammetry--an objective and non-invasive procedure.

Is Prolonged Slow Expiration a Reproducible Airway Clearance Technique?

Background: Prolonged slow expiration (PSE) is a manual chest physical therapy technique routinely performed in clinical practice. However, the reliability and agreement of the technique have not been tested.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess reliability and agreement between physical therapists during the application of PSE in infants with wheezing.

Ventilatory Demand During Stepping and Running: Implications for Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Children.

Background: Single-step tests have been proposed as simple and inexpensive challenges to diagnose exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in the pediatric population. Work performed and the resulting ventilation, however, might be substantially lower in stepping than running. This might decrease the diagnostic yield of step-based challenges.

Growth and mouth breathers.

Objective: To assess the relationship between mouth breathing and growth disorders among children and teenagers.

Data Source: Search on MEDLINE database, over the last 10 years, by using the following terms: "mouth breathing", "adenotonsilar hypertrophy", "allergic rhinitis", "sleep disturbance" AND "growth impairment", "growth hormone", "failure to thrive", "short stature", or "failure to thrive".

Data Summary: A total of 247 articles were identified and, after reading the headings, this number was reduced to 45 articles, whose abstracts were read and, of these, 20 were deemed important and were included in the review.

Lung Function in Infants with Sickle Cell Anemia.

Lung volumes and forced expiratory flows were evaluated in 22 infants with sickle cell anemia and compared with a control group. Forced expiratory flows showed significantly lower values in the sickle cell group. The majority of infants had normal lung function, and obstruction was the most common pattern of abnormality.

TEMPORAL COMPARISON OF WHEEZING PREVALENCE IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE IN SÃO PAULO: INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF WHEEZING IN INFANTS.

Objective: To assess the prevalence and severity of wheezing in the first year of life of infants, using the standardized protocol of the Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes- phase 3, and compare the values obtained with those found in phase 1, conducted at the same center.

Methods: Between 2009 and 2010, parents and guardians of infants answered the written questionnaire of the Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes - phase 3, and its results were compared to those of phase 1, performed between 2005 and 2006. We divided the infants into wheezing and non-wheezing.