Chemical neuroanatomical and psychopharmacological evidence that κ receptor-mediated endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmission in the dorsal and ventral mesencephalon modulates panic-like behaviour.

The chemical neuroanatomy and the effects of central administration of opioid antagonists on the innate fear-induced responses elicited by electrical (at escape behaviour threshold) stimulation of the midbrain tectum were determined. The aim of the present work was to investigate the interaction between the tecto-nigral endogenous opioid peptide-mediated disinhibitory pathways and nigro-tectal inhibitory links in the control of panic-like behaviour and their organisation in the continuum comprised by the deep layers of the superior colliculus (dlSC) and the dorsolateral columns of the periaqueductal grey matter (dlPAG). Beta-endorphin-labelled neurons and fibres were found in the dorsal midbrain and also in the substantia nigra.

Ossifying fibroma: a rare cause of orbital inflammation.

Purpose: To describe the clinical and radiologic features of 4 cases of ossifying fibroma affecting the orbit and to review the literature on orbital involvement by the tumor.

Methods: Small case series.

Results: Four patients (3 children and 1 adult) with ossifying fibromas invading the orbit were examined.

Epidemiology and management of orbital fractures.

Purpose Of Review: Orbital fractures are usually associated with ocular and intracranial injuries. The recent literature on orbital fractures is analyzed with emphasis on epidemiology, assessment, and surgical management.

Recent Findings: In most countries, traffic accidents are the leading cause of orbital fractures.