A clinical study to evaluate the results after toric intraocular lens implantation in cases of corneal astigmatism.

Backgroud: Modern day cataract surgery aims at a spectacle free vision which becomes difficult in cases with pre-operative astigmatism more than 1.5 D. Implantation of toric intra-ocular lenses (IOL) after phacoemulsification in such eyes is one of the ways to counteract this problem.

A clinical correlation of conjunctival microangiopathy with grades of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Conjunctival microangiopathy has been described among diabetics similar to retinal vessel angiopathy. Correlation of these conjunctival microangiopathy changes with retinopathy may form the basis of screening by external examination without expert fundus evaluation.

Methods: Conjunctival vessels widths and tortuous segment length of conjunctival vessels of 96 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were photographed and measured by the Zeiss Fundus camera Visupac software.

A prospective interventional study of effect of accelerated orthokeratology on the corneal curvature and refraction among young adults with myopia.

Background: Orthokeratology with reverse geometry contact lens is a non-surgical alternative to conventional contact lenses for correction of myopia. However, the strength of evidence for its efficacy and safety is limited to retrospective studies and only a few prospective studies. This prospective study, the first on Indian subjects, evaluated the outcome of orthokeratology among young myopes.

Frequency doubling technology and standard automated perimetry in detection of glaucoma among glaucoma suspects.

Background: Frequency Doubling perimetry (FDT) has been found to precede visual loss detected by standard automated perimetry (SAP) by as much as four years and the initial development of glaucomatous visual field loss as measured by SAP was found to occur in regions that had previously demonstrated abnormalities on FDT testing.

Methods: A study on 55 glaucoma suspects (determined as per American Academy Guidelines, Preferred Practice Pattern, Oct 2010), was compared to 50 healthy participants (HP). Both glaucoma suspects and HP underwent SAP and FDT in random order.

Comparison of efficacy of three surgical methods of conjunctival autograft fixation in the treatment of pterygium.

Our aim primarily was to compare the recurrence rate with three techniques of conjunctival fixation (suture versus fibrin glue versus autologous in situ blood coagulum) over bare sclera following pterygium excision. Ninety eyes of 90 patients with primary pterygium were randomly divided into three groups: group I (30 eyes) underwent autografting and fixation with 8-0 vicryl sutures, group II (30 eyes) with fibrin glue and group III (30 eyes) with autologous in situ blood coagulum. The patients were reviewed on 2nd day, weeks 1 and 4, and at every 3 months till 12 months after surgery.

Customised component corneal transplantation: a blessing for three patients.

The existing acute shortage of good quality donor corneas in a developing country like India, prompted us to attempt customised component corneal transplantation. Using this surgical strategy, one corneoscleral button was used for three recipients. Anterior and posterior lamellar discs were used for anterior lamellar keratoplasty and Descemet's stripping endothelial keratoplasty in patients with superficial corneal scar and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, respectively.

A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal Anti-VEGF therapy in treating macular edema due to retinal venous occlusions.

Background: A non-randomized, interventional study was carried out various types of retinal venous occlusions with significant macular edema who required an Anti-VEGF injection.

Method: One hundred and one consecutive patients diagnosed as a case of CRVO/HCRVO/BRVO were enrolled in the study provided they had significant macular edema. Atleast three intra-vitreal injections of Anti-VEGFs were given and both the pre and post injections BCVA and CMT on OCT were observed and analyzed.

Iris retractors: the saviours in cataract surgery for cataract in lens coloboma.

A 67-year-old woman presented with features of bilateral cataract and lens coloboma. The lens coloboma was from 1 to 8 o'clock and from 5 to 9 o'clock positions in right and left eye, respectively. With some modifications, phacoemulsification was performed in both eyes at an interval of 1 month.

Effect of 0.5 mm larger donor corneal size on intraocular pressure following penetrating keratoplasty.

Background: Glaucoma can develop after penetrating keratoplasty resulting in irreversible loss of vision. The incidence of post-penetrating keratoplasty glaucoma varies from 31% in the early postoperative period to 29% after three months. Various factors are responsible for the rise of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Pleomorphic adenoma of a subconjunctival ectopic lacrimal gland.

This report describes a case of pleomorphic adenoma of an ectopic lacrimal gland arising subconjunctivally in the lateral fornix in a 13-year-old girl. The tumor was removed surgically in toto with the capsule. This is probably the first reported case.

5-Fluoro-Uracil and Low Molecular Weight Heparin in the Management of Proliferative Vitreo-retinopathy.

Background: Proliferative vitreo-retinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of failed repair of a primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). The success rates for the surgery of complicated RRD has doubled with improved vitreous techniques from 35-40% to approximately 65-75% at six months. However, despite these advances, recurrent vitreo-retinal traction leads to re-detachment in more than one-fourths of the initially successful cases.

Evaluation of Vitreous Substitutes in Managing Complicated Vitreo-retinal Surgeries.

Background: Vitreous substitutes presently in use for intraoperative tamponade are perfluorocarbon liquids (PFCL) and for post operative tamponade are silicon oil (SO), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and perfluorocarbon gas (PFC). Several factors are important for a thorough understanding of each of these vitreous substitutes. The absorption or necessity for removal, indications for use (including clinical studies and special surgical methods), additives and complications of use have to be considered.

Primary 360° Broad Buckling in Retinal Detachment.

Background: Chronic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment behaves like proliferative vitreo-retinopathy (PVR) even without evidence of the same. Surgery could be done either with conventional buckling procedures where the extent of buckling is determined by the number and location of the breaks or by primary vitreous surgery. In this study these cases were managed with primary 360°encircling broad buckle without a vitreous procedure.

Management of Nucleus and IOL Drop.

Background: Thirty six cases of lenticular nucleus drop following phacoemulsification and 43 cases of posterior dislocation of intraocular lens (IOL) inclusive of two paediatric cases were managed by a modified vitrectomy procedure without using perfluorocarbon liquid (PFCL).

Methods: In these cases the incision was placed inferotemporally at pars plana. The limbal sites of the earlier cataract surgery were utilised as the other two ports.

LASER INTERVENTION IN MACULAR OEDEMA DUE TO BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION.

20 out of 25 patients of Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (BRVO), with macular oedema of more than six months duration and less than one year, with visual acuity (VA) less than 6/18 corrected and without retinal neovascularisation (NVE) or capillary non-perfusion (CNP) were subjected to argon-green laser photocoagulation applied in a macular grid fashion. At the end of two years 14/20 (70%) laser treated eyes in comparison to 2/5 (40%) of the non-laser group had corrected visual acuity of 6/12.