Three-way summaries as a teaching-learning tool: Student perspective and impact on retention of learning.

Background: "Three-way summaries" (TWS) are a teaching-learning tool in which students respond to a question or topic inquiry by three different summaries (10-15 words, 30-50 words, and 75-100 words). The aim of this study was to introduce TWS, to establish its impact on learning retention, and to identify students' perception for TWS.

Materials And Methods: It was an educational interventional study.

Structured oral examination in pharmacology for undergraduate medical students: Factors influencing its implementation.

Objectives: The study aims to understand the process and factors influencing the implementation of structured oral examination (SOE) for undergraduate medical students; in comparison with conventional oral examination (COE) in pharmacology.

Methods: In a randomized, parallel group study, 123 students of pharmacology were divided into two groups, SOE (n = 63) and COE (n = 60). Students of each group were subdivided into two, and four examiners took viva voce individually.

Guggulipid of Commiphora mukul, with antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities in both sciatic nerve and spinal nerve ligation models of neuropathic pain.

Context: Guggulipid is a neutral fraction of ethyl acetate extract of gum resin of the tree Commiphora mukul Engl. (Burseraceae) and used in Ayurvedic medicine for treatment of neurological disorders.

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to assess the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities of guggulipid in rats.

Inverse agonism and its therapeutic significance.

A large number of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) show varying degrees of basal or constitutive activity. This constitutive activity is usually minimal in natural receptors but is markedly observed in wild type and mutated (naturally or induced) receptors. According to conventional two-state drug receptor interaction model, binding of a ligand may initiate activity (agonist with varying degrees of positive intrinsic activity) or prevent the effect of an agonist (antagonist with zero intrinsic activity).

Evidence of carrier mediated transport of ascorbic acid through mammalian cornea.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the transport of ascorbic acid, a water soluble molecule, through a predominantly lipophilic cornea. Thus in-vitro permeation of ascorbic acid from aqueous drops through freshly excised mammalian cornea was studied. Aqueous isotonic ophthalmic solutions of ascorbic acid of different concentrations (0.