Advances in periodontal healing biomarkers.

Periodontitis is the infectious-inflammatory disease of tooth-supporting tissues. Periodontal treatment, either non-surgical or surgical, aims to remove infection, reduce inflammation, eliminate tissue loss, and gain clinical attachment. Clinical and radiographic recordings are widely used and accepted as gold-standard methods in periodontal diagnostics.

Activation of cellular responses by cyclic dinucleotides and lipopolysaccharide: a proteomic study on gingival fibroblasts.

Background: Bacterial cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), cyclic di-guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), and cyclic di-adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) upregulate interferon signaling proteins of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). However, the simultaneous effect of bacterial CDNs and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on the HGF proteome is unknown.

Aim: The aim was to apply an unbiased proteomics approach to evaluate how simultaneous exposure to CDNs and (Pg) LPS affect the global proteome of HGFs.

Systemic Factors Affecting Human Beta-Defensins in Oral Cavity.

Human beta-defensins are host defense peptides with broad antimicrobial and inflammatory functions. In the oral cavity, these peptides are produced mainly by the keratinocytes of the epithelium; however, fibroblasts, monocytes, and macrophages also contribute to oral human beta-defensin expressions. The resident and immune cells of the oral cavity come into contact with various microbe-associated molecular patterns continuously and simultaneously.

Smoking's impact on pocket closure after nonsurgical periodontal treatment in relation to bleeding on probing.

Objectives: The aim was to investigate the impact of smoking on pocket closure at 6 months after treatment of severe periodontitis, in relation to residual clinical inflammation.

Method And Materials: The clinical records of deep pockets (probing depth ≥ 6 mm, n = 984) in 46 individuals with periodontitis were analyzed. Following baseline clinical assessments (Plaque Index, probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding on probing), nonsurgical periodontal treatment was performed.

Advances in periodontal biomarkers.

Due to technologic advancements, periodontology has witnessed a boost in biomarker research over the past three decades. Indeed, with the aid of omics, our understanding of the healthy periodontium, pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, and healing after periodontal treatment has improved significantly. Yet, the traditional methods, periodontal probing and radiographies, remain the most common methods to diagnose periodontal disease and monitor treatment.

Salivary Th17 cytokine, human β-defensin 1-3, and salivary scavenger and agglutinin levels in Crohn's disease.

Objectives: Crohn's disease patients, who are prone to develop periodontal diseases, may carry genetic defects in their Th17 cytokine, human beta-defensin (hBD) 1-3, and salivary and scavenger agglutinin (SALSA) expressions. Biochemical composition of saliva reflects the oral consequences of systemic immune response modifications. Our aim was to evaluate the salivary Th17 cytokine, epithelial hBD 1-3, and SALSA levels in relation to Crohn's disease.

Dietary inflammatory index in relation to salivary cytokine concentrations and periodontitis: A cross-sectional analysis.

Aim: To examine the associations of dietary inflammatory index (DII) with salivary cytokine concentrations and periodontitis after controlling for body mass index (BMI), socio-demographic factors and lifestyle.

Materials And Methods: Subgroups from two Finnish surveys, DILGOM 2007 and Health 2000, were included (total n = 727). The DII scores were calculated based on a food frequency questionnaire.

Probiotics Partly Suppress the Impact of Sugar Stress on the Oral Microbiota-A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

The aim was to test if probiotics counteract oral dysbiosis during 14 days of sugar stress and subsequently help restore oral homeostasis. Eighty healthy individuals received either probiotics ( = 40) or placebo lozenges ( = 40) for 28 days and rinsed with a 10% sucrose solution 6-8 times during the initial 14 days of the trial. Saliva and supragingival samples were collected at baseline, day 14, and day 28.

Probiotics Support Resilience of the Oral Microbiota during Resolution after Experimental Gingivitis-A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

The present study aims to test whether probiotics protect against experimental gingivitis incited by 14 days of oral hygiene neglect and/or subsequently support the restoration of oral homeostasis. Eighty systemically and orally healthy participants refrained from oral hygiene procedures for 14 days, followed by 14 days with regular oral hygiene procedures. Additionally, participants consumed either probiotics ( = 40) or placebo ( = 40) throughout the trial.

Membrane barriers for guided bone regeneration: An overview of available biomaterials.

Dental implants revolutionized the treatment options for restoring form, function, and esthetics when one or more teeth are missing. At sites of insufficient bone, guided bone regeneration (GBR) is performed either prior to or in conjunction with implant placement to achieve a three-dimensional prosthetic-driven implant position. To date, GBR is well documented, widely used, and constitutes a predictable and successful approach for lateral and vertical bone augmentation of atrophic ridges.

Salivary IL-33 and sST2 levels in relation to TLR2 rs111200466 polymorphism and periodontitis.

Objectives: Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) signalling pathway is involved in the regulation of interleukin (IL)-33 and its receptor suppression of tumorigenicity-2 (ST2). This study aimed to compare salivary IL-33 and soluble ST2 (sST2) levels of periodontitis patients with those of periodontally healthy individuals in relation to their TLR2 rs111200466 23-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism within the promoter region.

Materials And Methods: Unstimulated saliva samples were collected, and periodontal parameters were recorded from 35 periodontally healthy individuals and 44 periodontitis patients.

Radiotherapy Increases aMMP-8-Levels and Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio Rapidly in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study.

Radiotherapy for head and neck carcinoma (HNC) has both curative and palliative purposes. This study investigated mouthrinse aMMP-8 levels, molecular forms of MMP-8, blood neutrophil counts and neurophil/lymphocyte ratios before and 3 weeks after HNC radiotherapy started. Thirteen HNC patients undergoing radiotherapy were included.

Anti-Apoptotic and Pro-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Family Proteins in Peri-Implant Diseases.

Objectives: Intrinsic apoptosis, which is regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins, has an important role in chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of the study was to identify the tissue levels and ratios of anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins in peri-implant diseases.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-three individuals with peri-implant mucositis, 25 individuals with peri-implantitis, and 24 controls were included.

Salivary levels of BAFF, TWEAK, and soluble CD163 and salivary arginase activity before and after periodontal treatment.

Objective: To monitor salivary B-cell activating factor (BAFF), tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), and soluble (s)CD163 levels and arginase activity in periodontitis patients following nonsurgical periodontal treatment.

Background: BAFF, TWEAK, and sCD163 and arginase are associated with activities of B cells and macrophages, which are important regulators of periodontal immune-inflammatory response and healing following treatment. Increased salivary BAFF and sCD163 levels and arginase activity in periodontitis have been demonstrated, but their changes following treatment have not been evaluated before.

Localization and expression profiles of gingival monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein-1 (MCPIP-1) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT-1).

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to localize monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-induced protein-1 (MCPIP-1) and its suppressor mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT-1) in gingival tissues and to profile their protein expression levels in relation to the clinical inflammation, Porphyromonas gingivalis colonization, and interleukin (IL)-8 levels.

Materials And Methods: Study samples were collected from two independent study populations: (1) Gingival tissues were collected from eight periodontally healthy individuals and eight periodontitis patients to localize MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 immunohistochemically, and (2) forty-one gingival tissue samples with marginal, mild, or moderate to severe inflammation were collected from 20 periodontitis patients to determine MCPIP-1 and MALT-1 levels using immunoblots, P. gingivalis levels with qPCR, P.

Human β-Defensins in Diagnosis of Head and Neck Cancers.

Head and neck cancers are malignant growths with high death rates, which makes the early diagnosis of the affected patients of utmost importance. Over 90% of oral cavity cancers come from squamous cells, and the tongue, oral cavity, and salivary glands are the most common locations for oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions. Human β-defensins (hBDs), which are mainly produced by epithelial cells, are cationic peptides with a wide antimicrobial spectrum.

Salivary and serum levels of neutrophil proteases in periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective: The aim was to profile serum and salivary levels of active-matrix metalloproteinase (aMMP)-8, tissue inhibitor MMP (TIMP)-1, aMMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio, total MMP (tMMP)-9, tMMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and human neutrophil elastase (HNE) in periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Materials And Methods: Rheumatoid arthritis patients with periodontitis (RA + P, n = 26), periodontally healthy RA patients (RA, n = 23), systemically healthy periodontitis patients (P, n = 24), and controls (C, n = 24) were included. aMMP-8 levels were determined by a time-resolved immunofluorescence assay (IFMA), TIMP-1, tMMP-9, MPO, and HNE levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays.

Salivary Human β-Defensin 1-3 and Human α-Defensin-1 Levels in Relation to the Extent of Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss in the Elderly.

The oral innate immune response may diminish with aging. In the present study, the aim was to examine human β-defensin (hBD) 1-3 and human neutrophil peptide (HNP)-1 levels in the saliva of an elderly population to establish the extent of periodontal disease and tooth loss. A total of 175 individuals aged ≥ 65 years were divided into five groups based on the number of teeth with a pocket depth ≥ 4 mm as follows: 17 pocket-free individuals (Control), 55 individuals having 1-6 pocket teeth (PerioA), 33 individuals having 7-13 pocket teeth (PerioB), 29 individuals having at least 14 pocket teeth (PerioC), and 41 edentulous individuals.

Salivary IgA and IgG Antibody Responses against Periodontitis-Associated Bacteria in Crohn's Disease.

Elevated serum immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody levels are observed in Crohn's disease patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary IgA and IgG antibody levels against , , , and in Crohn's disease patients. Eighty-eight participants (47 Crohn's disease patients and 41 systemically healthy age- and gender-matched controls) were included in the study.

Periodontal microbiology and microbial etiology of periodontal diseases: Historical concepts and contemporary perspectives.

This narrative review summarizes the collective knowledge on periodontal microbiology, through a historical timeline that highlights the European contribution in the global field. The etiological concepts on periodontal disease culminate to the ecological plaque hypothesis and its dysbiosis-centered interpretation. Reference is made to anerobic microbiology and to the discovery of select periodontal pathogens and their virulence factors, as well as to biofilms.

Accuracy of aMMP-8 point-of-care test in indicating periodontal treatment outcomes in stage III/IV periodontitis: A 24-week follow-up study.

Objective: To analyse the correspondence between aMMP-8 PoC test results and the clinical endpoints of non-surgical periodontal treatment in stage III/IV periodontitis.

Background: The diagnostic success of the active-matrix metalloproteinase-8 (aMMP-8) point-of-care (PoC) test has been demonstrated in various studies, but the evidence of its accuracy following periodontal treatment is limited.

Materials And Methods: Altogether 42 stage III/IV grade C periodontitis patients were included in this prospective diagnostic study.

Salivary macrophage activation-related chemokines and mitogen-activated kinase kinase-degrading proteolytic activity in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate salivary concentrations of macrophage activation-related chemokines and mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MAPKK)-degrading proteolytic activity in children and adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Methods: A total of 122 children and adolescents (65 T1DM patients, 50.8% female, mean age:10.

Serum, saliva, and gingival tissue human β-defensin levels in relation to retinoic acid use.

Background: Retinoic acid is an active derivative of vitamin A and regulates the differentiation, proliferation, and antimicrobial peptide expression profiles of human cells. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of systemic retinoic acid use on serum, saliva, and gingival tissue levels of human β-defensin (hBD)-1, hBD-2, and hBD-3.

Methods: A total of 69 participants (34 systemic retinoic acid users and 35 healthy controls) were enrolled in this study.

species as oral residents and infectious agents with potential impact on systemic conditions.

Oral are known as anaerobic commensals on oral mucosae and in dental plaques from early life onwards, including pigmented and and non-pigmented species. Many species contribute to oral inflammatory processes, being frequent findings in dysbiotic biofilms of periodontal diseases (), cariotic lesions ( (formerly ) ), endodontic infections (), and other clinically relevant oral conditions. Over the years, several novel species have been recovered from the oral cavity without knowledge of their clinical relevance.

Analysis of Chemical Structure and Antibiofilm Properties of Exopolysaccharides from EIR/IF-1 Postbiotics.

Previous studies have indicated that the exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria exhibit antibiofilm activity against non-oral bacteria by preventing their initial adhesion to surfaces and by downregulating the expression of genes responsible for their biofilm formation. The aims of this study were to (1) characterize the exopolysaccharides (EPSs) of EIR/IF-1 postbiotics, (2) test their antibiofilm effect on dual biofilms, and (3) evaluate their bacterial auto-aggregation, co-aggregation, and hydrocarbon-binding inhibitory activity. The EPSs were characterized by FTIR, HPLC, and thermogravimetric analysis.