OFC neurons do not represent the negative value of a conditioned inhibitor.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is often proposed to function as a value integrator; however, alternative accounts focus on its role in representing associative structures that specify the probability and sensory identity of future outcomes. These two accounts make different predictions about how this area should respond to conditioned inhibitors of reward, since in the former, neural activity should reflect the negative value of the inhibitor, whereas in the latter, it should track the estimated probability of a future reward based on all cues present. Here, we assessed these predictions by recording from small groups of neurons in the lateral OFC of rats during training in a conditioned inhibition design.

Satisfaction level among patients visiting a rural dental institution toward rendered dental treatment in Haryana, North India.

Background: To provide quality care to the patient's perspective and patient satisfaction are two major multidimensional concepts. In India, patient satisfaction with dental services has received only minor attention as the importance of the teeth is always neglected.

Objective: To assess the satisfaction level among patients toward dental treatment rendered at an academic institution.

Orbitofrontal neurons signal sensory associations underlying model-based inference in a sensory preconditioning task.

Using knowledge of the structure of the world to infer value is at the heart of model-based reasoning and relies on a circuit that includes the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Some accounts link this to the representation of biological significance or value by neurons in OFC, while other models focus on the representation of associative structure or cognitive maps. Here we tested between these accounts by recording OFC neurons in rats during an OFC-dependent sensory preconditioning task.

Drug addiction and periodontal diseases.

The prevalence of drug addiction is increasing globally. Drug abuse damages many parts of the body such as oral cavity, lungs, liver, brain, heart etc., Addicts suffer from physical, psychological, emotional and behavioral problems.