Flavonoid-Rich Fruit Intake in Midlife and Late-Life and Associations with Risk of Dementia: The Framingham Heart Study.

Background: Fruits are an important source of flavonoids, and greater intake of dietary flavonoids in older adults has been shown to be associated with decreased risk of dementia. It is unclear whether this relationship is similar or different between younger adults and older adults.

Objectives: We examined for associations between midlife and late-life intake of flavonoid-rich fruits and incident dementia.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and longitudinal cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease.

Objective: Previous studies have suggested a link between peripheral inflammation and cognitive outcomes in the general population and individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). We sought to test the association between peripheral inflammation, measured by the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), cognitive performance, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) status in individuals with PD.

Methods: A retrospective, longitudinal analysis was carried out using data from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), including 422 participants with PD followed over 5 years.

Subjective Cognitive Decline Plus and Longitudinal Assessment and Risk for Cognitive Impairment.

Importance: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is recognized to be in the Alzheimer disease (AD) cognitive continuum. The SCD Initiative International Working Group recently proposed SCD-plus (SCD+) features that increase risk for future objective cognitive decline but that have not been assessed in a large community-based setting.

Objective: To assess SCD risk for mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD, and all-cause dementia, using SCD+ criteria among cognitively normal adults.

The association between circulating CD34+CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Heart Study.

Aim: Endothelial dysfunction has been associated with both cerebrovascular pathology and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the connection between circulating endothelial cells and the risk of AD remains uncertain. The objective was to leverage data from the Framingham Heart Study to investigate various circulating endothelial subtypes and their potential correlations with the risk of AD.

Maximizing utility of neuropsychological measures in sex-specific predictive models of incident Alzheimer's disease in the Framingham Heart Study.

Introduction: Sex differences in neuropsychological (NP) test performance might have important implications for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigates sex differences in neuropsychological performance among individuals without dementia at baseline.

Methods: Neuropsychological assessment data, both standard test scores and process coded responses, from Framingham Heart Study participants were analyzed for sex differences using regression model and Cox proportional hazards model.

Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Reduce the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease.

Cerebrovascular damage coexists with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and increases AD risk. However, it is unclear whether endothelial progenitor cells reduce AD risk via cerebrovascular repair. By using the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) offspring cohort, which includes data on different progenitor cells, the incidence of AD dementia, peripheral and cerebrovascular pathologies, and genetic data (n = 1,566), we found that elevated numbers of circulating endothelial progenitor cells with CD34+CD133+ co-expressions had a dose-dependent association with decreased AD risk (HR = 0.

Examination of potentially modifiable dementia risk factors across the adult life course: The Framingham Heart Study.

Introduction: We examined for associations between potentially modifiable risk factors across the adult life course and incident dementia.

Methods: Participants from the Framingham Heart Study were included (n = 4015). Potential modifiable risk factors included education, alcohol intake, smoking, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, social network, diabetes, and hypertension.

Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Neurological Manifestations in COVID-19.

With increasing knowledge of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), we now understand that COVID-19 presents with various extrapulmonary manifestations with multi-organ involvement. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) occurs probably via transsynaptic spread or transfer across the blood-brain barrier. Hypoxia, immune-mediated injury, and vascular damage are the potential mechanisms for the CNS manifestations.

The Colorado Cognitive Assessment (CoCA): Development of an Advanced Neuropsychological Screening Tool.

Objective: The Colorado Cognitive Assessment (CoCA) was designed to improve upon existing screening tests in a number of ways, including enhanced psychometric properties and minimization of bias across diverse groups. This paper describes the initial validation study of the CoCA, which seeks to describe the test; demonstrate its construct validity; measurement invariance to age, education, sex, and mood symptoms; and compare it to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

Method: Participants included 151 older adults (MAge = 71.

The Differential Effects of Alzheimer's Disease and Lewy Body Pathology on Cognitive Performance: a Meta-analysis.

Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from normal aging and other dementia etiologies is imperative for disease specific treatment options and long-term care planning. Neuropathological confirmation is the gold standard for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis, yet most published studies examining the use of neuropsychological tests in the differential diagnosis of dementia rely upon clinical diagnostic outcomes. The present study undertook a meta-analytic review of the literature to identify cognitive tests and domains that allow for the differentiation of individuals with AD pathology from individuals with dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) pathology and pathology-free individuals.

The effectiveness and unique contribution of neuropsychological tests and the δ latent phenotype in the differential diagnosis of dementia in the uniform data set.

Objective: Two main approaches to the interpretation of cognitive test performance have been utilized for the characterization of disease: evaluating shared variance across tests, as with measures of severity, and evaluating the unique variance across tests, as with pattern and error analysis. Both methods provide necessary information, but the unique contributions of each are rarely considered. This study compares the 2 approaches on their ability to differentially diagnose with accuracy, while controlling for the influence of other relevant demographic and risk variables.

Practice Effects on Story Memory and List Learning Tests in the Neuropsychological Assessment of Older Adults.

Two of the most commonly used methods to assess memory functioning in studies of cognitive aging and dementia are story memory and list learning tests. We hypothesized that the most commonly used story memory test, Wechsler's Logical Memory, would generate more pronounced practice effects than a well validated but less common list learning test, the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) List Learning test. Two hundred eighty-seven older adults, ages 51 to 100 at baseline, completed both tests as part of a larger neuropsychological test battery on an annual basis.

The Role of Alzheimer's and Cerebrovascular Pathology in Mediating the Effects of Age, Race, and Apolipoprotein E Genotype on Dementia Severity in Pathologically-Confirmed Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Dementia severity can be modeled as the construct δ, representing the "cognitive correlates of functional status."

Objective: We recently validated a model for estimating δ in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center's Uniform Data Set; however, the association of δ with neuropathology remains untested.

Methods: We used data from 727 decedents evaluated at Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Centers nationwide.

Reliable Change on Neuropsychological Tests in the Uniform Data Set.

Longitudinal normative data obtained from a robust elderly sample (i.e., believed to be free from neurodegenerative disease) are sparse.

Regression-Based Norms for a Bi-factor Model for Scoring the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT).

The current study developed regression-based normative adjustments for a bi-factor model of the The Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT). Archival data from the Midlife Development in the United States-II Cognitive Project were used to develop eight separate linear regression models that predicted bi-factor BTACT scores, accounting for age, education, gender, and occupation-alone and in various combinations. All regression models provided statistically significant fit to the data.

The δ latent dementia phenotype in the uniform data set: Cross-validation and extension.

Objective: Royall and colleagues identified a latent dementia phenotype, "δ", reflecting the "cognitive correlates of functional status." We sought to cross-validate and extend these findings in a large clinical case series of adults with and without dementia.

Method: A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) model for δ was fit to National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center data (n = 26,068).

Capgras syndrome in Dementia with Lewy Bodies.

Background: Capgras syndrome is characterized by the recurrent, transient belief that a person has been replaced by an identical imposter. We reviewed clinical characteristics of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) patients with Capgras syndrome compared to those without Capgras.

Methods: We identified 55 consecutive DLB patients (11 cases with Capgras syndrome (DLB-C) and 44 cases without evidence of Capgras (DLB).

Nitric oxide is elicited and inhibits viral replication in pigs infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus but not porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus.

There is little information on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in innate immunity to respiratory coronavirus (CoV) infections. We examined NO levels by Greiss assay in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of pigs infected with either porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a member of Nidovirales, like CoV. The antiviral effects of NO on these two viruses were tested in an in vitro system using a NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP).

Dietary supplement adverse event reports: review and analysis.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) works actively to ensure that all the dietary supplements currently in the market are safe for the public. Existing policies are often remodeled and new regulations are developed periodically. A recent change to supplement regulations includes the implementation of a system that allows consumers to contact the FDA or product manufacturer directly to report an adverse reaction as a result of dietary supplement consumption.

Mechanisms underlying renoprotection during renin-angiotensin system blockade.

Potential determinants of chronic renal disease (CRD) progression were studied in male Munich-Wistar rats subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy and treated with candesartan (Csn; n = 30) or enalapril (Ena; n = 27) from 5 wk postsurgery. Despite control of systolic blood pressure (SBP; 24 wk: Csn = 143 +/- 9; Ena = 148 +/- 8 mmHg), urinary protein excretion rates (U(pr)V) increased over 24 wk (Csn = 92 +/- 10; Ena = 99 +/- 8mg/day). Glomerulosclerosis scores (GS) at 24 wk were similar for Csn (42 +/- 7%) vs.

Preemptive epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief after lumbar laminectomy.

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of preemptive epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia after lumbar laminectomy. Thirty ASA physical status I adults undergoing elective lumbar laminectomy under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of two groups. Group 1 (study group) received 3 mg epidural morphine preemptively 60 min before surgery, followed by epidural placebo at the end of surgery.

Analgesia for acute musculoskeletal trauma: low-dose subcutaneous infusion of ketamine.

Low-dose ketamine by subcutaneous infusion (0.1 mg/kg/h) was compared in double-blind fashion with intermittent morphine (0.1 mg/kg intravenously, four-hourly) as analgesic regimen in 40 ASA-I adults after acute musculoskeletal trauma.

Subcutaneous infusion of ketamine and morphine for relief of postoperative pain: a double-blind comparative study.

Low dose ketamine by subcutaneous infusion (0.1 mg.kg-1.

A prospective clinico-bacteriological study of internal jugular cannulation in a critical care unit.

The results of 125 consecutive central venous catheterizations during a six-month period in the critical care unit were prospectively studied. All the catheters were inserted percutaneously by internal jugular approach and the placement of catheters was confirmed by chest roentgenography while injecting Conray 420. The safety of the technique was evaluated in terms of success and complication rates.