Review on Isatin- A Remarkable Scaffold for Designing Potential Therapeutic Complexes and Its Macrocyclic Complexes with Transition Metals.

Role of synthetic coordination chemistry in pharmaceutical science is expeditiously increased due to its sundry relevances in this field. The present review endows the synthesized macrocyclic complexes of transition metal ions containing isatin and its derivatives as ligand precursors, their characterization and their copious pharmaceutical applications. Isatin (1-Indole-2,3-dione) is a protean compound (presence of lactam and keto moiety permits to change its molecular framework) that can be obtained from marine animals, plants, and is also found in mammalian tissues and in human fluids as a metabolite of amino acids.

Dose Agreement Analysis of Treatment Planning System-Calculated Doses and Markus Chamber-Measured Doses in the Near-Surface Region for Breast Cancer Patients' Conformal Treatment Plans.

Background: Surface/skin dose measurement is one of the most challenging tasks for clinical dosimetry in radiotherapy and comparison with almost all the commercially available treatment planning systems (TPSs) brings a significant variation with the measured dose.

Aims And Objectives: In the current study, doses calculated from the TPS in the near-surface region for conformal plans (both three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy [3DCRT] and intensity-modulated radiotherapy [IMRT]) of 35 breast cancer patients were evaluated and compared with the doses measured with Markus chamber.

Materials And Methods: The computed tomography (CT) images of a solid water slab phantom with a Markus chamber (at different depths ranging from 1 mm to 5 mm from the surface) were taken and imported into the TPS.

Assessment of Surface and Build-up Doses for a 6 MV Photon Beam using Parallel Plate Chamber, EBT3 Gafchromic Films, and PRIMO Monte Carlo Simulation Code.

Background: Accurate assessment of surface and build-up doses has a key role in radiotherapy, especially for the superficial lesions with uncertainties involved while performing measurements in the build-up region.

Objective: This study aimed to assess surface and build-up doses for 6 MV photon beam from linear accelerator using parallel plate ionization chamber, EBT3 Gafchromic films, and PRIMO Monte Carlo (MC) simulation code.

Material And Methods: In this experimental study, parallel plate chamber (PPC05) and EBT3 Gafchromic films were used to measure doses in a build-up region for 6 MV beam from the linear accelerator for different field sizes at various depths ranging from 0 to 2 cm from the surface with 100 cm source to surface distance (SSD) in a solid water phantom.

Dosimetric Evaluation of the Treatment Plan on Indigenous Heterogeneous Phantoms using Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm and Acuros-XB Algorithm for Different Photon Energies.

Background: Modern radiotherapy techniques are using advanced algorithms; however, phantoms used for quality assurance have homogeneous density; accordingly, the development of heterogeneous phantom mimicking human body sites is imperative to examine variation between planned and delivered doses.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the accuracy of planned dose by different algorithms using indigenously developed heterogeneous thoracic phantom (HT).

Material And Methods: In this experimental study, computed tomography (CT) of HT was done, and the density of different parts was measured.

Dosimetric validation of Acuros® XB algorithm for RapidArc™ treatment technique: A post software upgrade analysis.

Aim: To validate the Acuros XB (AXB) algorithm in Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) for RapidArc™ (RA) technique following the software upgrades.

Materials And Methods: A Clinac-iX (2300CD) linear accelerator and Eclipse TPS (Varian Medical System, Inc., Palo Alto, USA) was used for commissioning of AXB algorithm using a 6 megavolts photon beam.

Clinical Experience of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Pre-Treatment Quality Assurance for Carcinoma Head and Neck Patients with EPID and IMatriXX in Rural Center.

Background: Radiation therapy techniques as Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT), rapid arc have been used for treatment of cancer with high accuracy.

Objective: Verification of planned and delivered dose distribution is important, therefore current study aims to analyse quality assurance (QA) results of IMRT by Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) and IMatriXX in head and neck Carcinoma (Ca H&N) patients.

Material And Methods: In this experimental study, performance of an EPID and IMatriXX was assessed with dose measurements using ionization chamber.

Demineralization of tooth enamel following radiation therapy; An microstructure and microhardness analysis.

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of radiotherapy doses on mineral density and percentage mineral volume of human permanent tooth enamel.

Materials And Methods: Synchrotron radiation Xray microcomputed tomography (SRμCT) and microhardness testing were carried out on 8 and 20 tooth samples, respectively. Enamel mineral density was derived from SRμCT technique using ImageJ software.

A study on prostate movement and dosimetric variation because of bladder and rectum volumes changes during the course of image-guided radiotherapy in prostate cancer.

Aim: To study the impact of bladder and rectum volume changes on prostate positioning and the dosimetric parameters.

Background: Prostate is a moving organ, and its position is also affected by bladder and rectum volumes. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) is being practiced widely for the treatment of prostate carcinoma (Ca).

A prospective observational study to analyse the influence of bladder and rectal volume changes on prostate radiotherapy using IMRT.

Aim: To analyse the interfractional bladder and rectal volume changes and the influence on prostate position.

Background: Interfractional displacement of prostate due to variation in bladder and rectal volume is usual. It is only rational to study the bladder and rectal volume changes and their effects on prostate position during intensity modulated radiotherapy of prostate cancer.

Radiation Induced Demyelination in Cervical Spinal Cord of the Head and Neck Cancer Patients after Receiving Radiotherapy.

Background: Cervical spinal cord is important and radiosensitive. It is the most critical organ for the head and neck (H&N) cancer patients during radiotherapy. If the delivered dose to the cord is more than tolerance dose, demyelination may occur.

Point Dose Measurement for Verification of Treatment Planning System using an Indigenous Heterogeneous Pelvis Phantom for Clarkson, Convolution, Superposition, and Fast Superposition Algorithms.

Background: Nowadays, advanced radiotherapy equipment includes algorithms to calculate dose. The verification of the calculated doses is important to achieve accurate results. Mostly homogeneous dosimetric phantoms are available commercially which do not mimic the actual patient anatomy; therefore, an indigenous heterogeneous pelvic phantom mimicking actual human pelvic region has been used to verify the doses calculated by different algorithms.

Craniospinal Irradiation in Medulloblastoma using High Energy Medical Linear Accelerator: an Innovative Approach to Planning Technique.

Background: Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) of medulloblastoma poses technological challenges due to the involvement of large treatment volume. Commonly, the whole treatment length is covered with two different isocentric plans in which the junction is shifted after every five fractions to overcome the possibility of hot and cold spot.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate dosimetrically and clinically the innovative planning technique for the CSI which doesn't need re-planning and re-setup of patients after every five fractions.

Intraluminal brachytherapy boost following external beam radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy of oesophagus carcinoma: Results of a prospective observational study.

Purpose: The main objective of our study is to evaluate response and toxicity profile in patients receiving external beam radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy followed by intraluminal brachytherapy boost for a carcinoma of the oesophagus.

Material And Methods: Twenty patients with biopsy-proven carcinoma of the oesophagus received external beam radiotherapy (50Gy in 25 fractions) with concurrent chemotherapy (cisplatin: 40mg/m). After a gap of two to three weeks, intraluminal brachytherapy (10Gy in two fractions each 1 week apart by a high dose rate Co source) was given.

A Dosimetric Study on Slab-pinewood-slab Phantom for Developing the Heterogeneous Chest Phantom Mimicking Actual Human Chest.

The aim is to study the density, isodose depths, and doses at different points in slab-pinewood-slab (SPS) phantom, solid phantom SP34 (made up of polystyrene), and chest level of actual patient for developing heterogeneous chest phantom mimicking thoracic region of human body. A 6 MV photon beam of field size of 10 cm × 10 cm was directed perpendicular to the surface of computed tomography (CT) images of chest level of patient, SPS phantom, and SP34 phantom. Dose was calculated using anisotropic analytical algorithm.

Dosimetric analysis of Co-60 source based high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy: A case series of ten patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Aim: To analyse the dosimetric parameters of Co-60 based high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy plans for patients of carcinoma uterine cervix.

Background: Co-60 high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy unit has been introduced in past few years and is gaining importance owing to its long half life, economical benefits and comparable clinical outcome compared to Ir-192 HDR brachytherapy.

Materials And Methods: A study was conducted on ten patients with locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix (Ca Cx).

Comparison of dosimetric parameters and acute toxicity of intensity-modulated and three-dimensional radiotherapy in patients with cervix carcinoma: A randomized prospective study.

Purpose: The use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to treat cervix carcinoma has increased, however prospective randomized trials are still lacking.

Aim: To compare the dosimetric parameters and associated acute toxicity in patients with cervix carcinoma treated with three-dimensional (3D) conformal radiotherapy and IMRT.

Patients And Methods: Forty patients were randomized in two arms each consisting of 20 patients.

A study on the necessity of kV-CBCT imaging compared to kV-orthogonal portal imaging based on setup errors: considering other socioeconomical factors.

Purpose: Evaluation of setup accuracy in kV-orthogonal portal imaging (OPI)-based and kV-CBCT-based radiotherapy treatment and to find out the necessity of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) compared to OPI.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 30 patients, who received radiotherapy to the Brain, Head and Neck, and Pelvis. In the OPI technique, anterior-posterior and right-lateral portal images were taken by the On Board Imaging (OBI) system and were superimposed on the reference images.

Impact of repeat computerized tomography replans in the radiation therapy of head and neck cancers.

Anatomical changes can occur during course of head-and-neck (H and N) radiotherapy like tumor shrinkage, decreased edema and/or weight loss. This can lead to discrepancies in planned and delivered dose increasing the dose to organs at risk. A study was conducted to determine the volumetric and dosimetric changes with the help of repeat computed tomography (CT) and replanning for selected H and N cancer patients treated with IMRT plans to see for these effects.

Radiation dose verification using real tissue phantom in modern radiotherapy techniques.

In vitro dosimetric verification prior to patient treatment has a key role in accurate and precision radiotherapy treatment delivery. Most of commercially available dosimetric phantoms have almost homogeneous density throughout their volume, while real interior of patient body has variable and varying densities inside. In this study an attempt has been made to verify the physical dosimetry in actual human body scenario by using goat head as "head phantom" and goat meat as "tissue phantom".