Advances in the study of the influence of photoreceptors on the development of myopia.

This review examines the pivotal role of photoreceptor cells in ocular refraction development, focusing on dopamine (DA) as a key neurotransmitter. Contrary to the earlier view favoring cone cells, recent studies have highlighted the substantial contributions of both rod and cone cells to the visual signaling pathways that influence ocular refractive development. Notably, rod cells appeared to play a central role.

Clinical efficacy of dexamethasone parabulbar injection in patients with Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Background: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAAION) is a common optic neuropathy that often leads to significant visual acuity loss in patients. The present study evaluated the effects of parabulbar dexamethasone injection on visual outcomes in patients with NAAION.

Methods: This retrospective case-control study included patients diagnosed with NAAION between January 2019 and December 2022.

3D printed fibroblast-loaded hydrogel for scleral remodeling to prevent the progression of myopia.

Pathologic myopia has seriously jeopardized the visual health of adolescents in the past decades. The progression of high myopia is associated with a decrease in collagen aggregation and thinning of the sclera, which ultimately leads to longer eye axis length and image formation in front of the retina. Herein, we report a fibroblast-loaded hydrogel as a posterior scleral reinforcement (PSR) surgery implant for the prevention of myopia progression.

Application of IPSC and Müller glia derivatives in retinal degenerative diseases.

Retinal degenerative diseases cause blindness characterized by a progressive decline in the number and function of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptor cells, and ganglion cells. Such diseases include retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucomatous optic neuropathy, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic optic neuropathy. Recent studies have demonstrated that Müller glial cells (MGCs), an endogenous alternative source of retinal neurons, are important glial cells involved in retinal development, damage, and regeneration, making it an excellent target for retinal nerve regeneration.

Retinal Neurotransmitter Alteration in Response to Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonist from Myopic Guinea Pigs.

This study aimed to investigate the changes in retinal neurotransmitters and the role of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) pathway in regulating the myopic refractive state. Tricolor guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups: the normal control group (NC) and the form-deprivation myopia group (FDM). Animals in the FDM group had their right eye covered with a balloon for 4 weeks.

Effects of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists on retinal pigment epithelial/choroid complex metabolism in form-deprived myopic guinea pigs.

The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)/choroid complex regulates myopia development, but the precise pathogenesis of myopia remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the changes in RPE/choroid complex metabolism in a form deprivation myopia model after dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) modulation. Guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal (NC), form deprivation myopia (FDM), and FDM treated with dopamine D2R antagonist groups.

High-Fat Diet Alters Acylcarnitine Metabolism of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium/Choroidal Tissues in Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Rat Models.

Scope: Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is age-related macular degeneration's (AMD) main pathological change. High-fat diet (HFD) is associated with a form of CNV; however, the specific mechanism is unclear. Mitochondrial dysfunction, characterized by abnormal acylcarnitine, occurs during metabolic screening of serum or other body tissues in AMD.

Metabolic Characterization of Ocular Tissues in Relation to Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in Rats.

Age-related macular degeneration is a metabolic compromise disorder whose main pathological feature is choroidal neovascularization (CNV) formation. Using untargeted metabolomics analysis, we determined to assess the metabolomic alterations in a CNV rat model to provide an insight into its pathogenesis. In the CNV model, there were 24 significantly changed metabolites in the plasma and 71 in various ocular tissues.

Observation of Cyclosporin A: Sustained Release Intraocular Lens Implantation in Rabbit Eyes.

Purpose: To observe the performance of cyclosporine A (CsA)-loaded intraocular lens (IOLs) implanted into rabbit eyes.

Methods: To prepare a PLGA-based CsA-sustained release IOLs and study the in vitro drug release. Forty-two New Zealand white rabbits were randomly and equally divided into three groups, and all right eyes underwent phacoemulsification.

Senescence marker protein30 protects lens epithelial cells against oxidative damage by restoring mitochondrial function.

Etiology and pathogenesis of age-related cataract is not entirely clear till now. Senescence marker protein 30 (SMP30) is a newly discovered anti-aging factor, which plays an important role in preventing apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress damage. Mitochondria are located at the intersection of key cellular pathways, such as energy substrate metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis.

[Effect of acupuncture on retinal and choroidal thickness in patients with optic atrophy].

Objective: To observe the effect of acupuncture on visual acuity, intraocular pressure, visual field, retinal and choroidal thickness on optic disc and macular area in patients with optic atrophy.

Methods: A total of 33 patients with optic atrophy were treated with acupuncture. Acupuncture was given at Chengqi (ST 1), Shangjingming (Extra), Qiuhou (EX-HN 7) and Fengchi (GB 20) etc.

Metabolomic analysis of the aqueous humor from patients with central retinal vein occlusion using UHPLC-MS/MS.

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) is one of the retinal fundus diseases and may result in irreversible visual impairment. Metabolic dysfunction has been proved to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of CRVO. We performed untargeted metabolomic analysis of the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with CRVO and controls using UHPLC-MS/MS.

Metabolomic Profiling of the Aqueous Humor in Patients with Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using UHPLC-MS/MS.

Assessing metabolomic alterations in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can provide insights into its pathogenesis. We compared the metabolomic profiles of the aqueous humor between wet AMD patients ( = 26) and age- and sex-matched patients undergoing cataract surgery without AMD as controls ( = 20). A global untargeted metabolomics study was performed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Glucose Metabolic Characterization of Human Aqueous Humor in Relation to Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: Energy compromise underpins wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) pathogenesis, but the relationship between glucose metabolism and the disease remains unclear. Here, we characterized aqueous humor (AH) to elucidate glucose-related metabolic signatures in patients with wAMD.

Methods: In total, 25 eyes of 25 patients with wAMD were divided into phakic (15 eyes), pseudophakic (10 eyes), and intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (13 eyes) wAMD groups.

Role of from ocular surface ectoderm in retinal vasculature development.

Aim: To investigate how signals from lens regulate retinal vascular development and neovascularization.

Methods: Le-Cre transgenic mouse line was employed to inactivate in the surface ectoderm selectively. Standard histological and whole-mount retina staining were employed to reveal morphological changes of retinal vasculature in defective eye.

Quantitative analysis of metabolites in glucose metabolism in the aqueous humor of patients with central retinal vein occlusion.

Quantitative analysis of aqueous humor (AH) was performed to investigate glucose metabolism in patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), and to explore metabolic changes after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. AH samples were collected from 35 patients. Participants diagnosed with CRVO (n = 15) were compared to participants who underwent cataract surgery (n = 20).

M-Type Pyruvate Kinase Isoforms and Lactate Dehydrogenase A in the Mammalian Retina: Metabolic Implications.

Purpose: Like cancer cells, photoreceptor cells produce lactate aerobically, requiring lactate dehydrogenase A (LDH-A). Cancer cells also use glycolytic intermediates for biosynthesis. The molecular switch controlling glycolytic flow is thought to be an isoenzyme of pyruvate kinase (PKM2).

Effect of subconjunctival glucose on retinal ganglion cell survival in experimental retinal ischaemia and contrast sensitivity in human glaucoma.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the effect of subconjunctival glucose on the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in experimental retinal ischaemia and contrast sensitivity in humans with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods: First, we measured the intravitreal concentration of glucose at various time points after a subconjunctival injection of 100 μl of 50% glucose to Sprague-Dawley rats. Next, treatment and control groups received 50% subconjunctival glucose and iso-osmotic (8%) saline, respectively, 1 h prior to a unilateral ischaemic retinal injury; 7 days later, the damage profiles were compared using RGC and axon counts.

Cancer-like metabolism of the mammalian retina.

The retina, like many cancers, produces energy from glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. This phenomenon is known as aerobic glycolysis and eponymously as the Warburg effect. In recent years, the Warburg effect has become an explosive area of study within the cancer research community.

The mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of GSK-3β in cultured rat retinal cells.

Purpose: Both mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms of cellular damage resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction induced in cultured retinal cells and, in particular, whether ER stress plays a role in this response.

Methods: Mixed retinal cell cultures containing neurons and glia were prepared from neonatal rats.

Glucose-induced temporary visual recovery in primary open-angle glaucoma: a double-blind, randomized study.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of topical glucose on visual parameters in individuals with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Design: Double-blind, randomized, crossover study.

Participants: Nondiabetic pseudophakic patients with definite POAG were recruited; 29 eyes of 16 individuals participated in study 1.

Mechanisms of neuroprotection by glucose in rat retinal cell cultures subjected to respiratory inhibition.

Purpose: Previous experiments have demonstrated that short-term hyperglycemia in rats renders the retina resistant to subsequent metabolic insults. The present study aimed to elucidate putative mechanisms involved in this protective response.

Methods: Retinal cultures comprising neurons and glia were treated with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, rotenone, at a range of concentrations, for up to 24 hours.

Green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate down-regulates VASP expression and inhibits breast cancer cell migration and invasion by attenuating Rac1 activity.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenolic compound from green tea that has been shown to have anti-tumor activities such as inhibiting adhesion, migration, and proliferation of tumor cells. However, the delicate mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying the potential anticancer effects of EGCG in breast cancer cells remain unclear. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of EGCG on the migration and invasion of MCF-7 cells and to identify the signaling pathway(s) underlying the cellular response to EGCG exposure.