Nanofluidic Volatile Threshold Switching Ionic Memristor: A Perspective.

The fast development of artificial intelligence and big data drives the exploration of low-power computing hardware. Neuromorphic devices represented by memristors may provide a possible computing paradigm beyond von Neumann's architecture because they enable the integration of processing and storage units by mimicking how the brain processes complex information in parallel. In the brain, information is processed via multilevel spiking coding and event-driven mechanisms, whose simplified neural circuit is represented by the leaky-integration-and-fire model combining volatile threshold switching memristors and capacitors.

Bio-Inspired Retina by Regulating Ion-Confined Transport in Hydrogels.

The effective and precise processing of visual information by the human eye primarily relies on the diverse contrasting functions achieved through synaptic regulation of ion transport in the retina. Developing a bio-inspired retina that uses ions as information carriers can more accurately replicate retina's natural signal processing capabilities, enabling high-performance machine vision. Herein, an ion-confined transport strategy is proposed to construct a bio-inspired retina by developing artificial synapses with inhibitory and excitatory contrasting functions.

Ephaptic Coupling in Ultralow-Power Ion-Gel Nanofiber Artificial Synapses for Enhanced Working Memory.

Neuromorphic devices are designed to replicate the energy-efficient information processing advantages found in biological neural networks by emulating the working mechanisms of neurons and synapses. However, most existing neuromorphic devices focus primarily on functionally mimicking biological synapses, with insufficient emphasis on ion transport mechanisms. This limitation makes it challenging to achieve the complexity and connectivity inherent in biological systems, such as ephaptic coupling.

A nanofluidic chemoelectrical generator with enhanced energy harvesting by ion-electron Coulomb drag.

A sufficiently high current output of nano energy harvesting devices is highly desired in practical applications, while still a challenge. Theoretical evidence has demonstrated that Coulomb drag based on the ion-electron coupling interaction, can amplify current in nanofluidic energy generation systems, resulting in enhanced energy harvesting. However, experimental validation of this concept is still lacking.

Nanofluidic Ionic Memristors.

Living organisms use ions and small molecules as information carriers to communicate with the external environment at ultralow power consumption. Inspired by biological systems, artificial ion-based devices have emerged in recent years to try to realize efficient information-processing paradigms. Nanofluidic ionic memristors, memory resistors based on confined fluidic systems whose internal ionic conductance states depend on the historical voltage, have attracted broad attention and are used as neuromorphic devices for computing.

Bioinspired carbon nanotube-based nanofluidic ionic transistor with ultrahigh switching capabilities for logic circuits.

The voltage-gated ion channels, also known as ionic transistors, play substantial roles in biological systems and ion-ion selective separation. However, implementing the ultrafast switchable capabilities and polarity switching of ionic transistors remains a challenge. Here, we report a nanofluidic ionic transistor based on carbon nanotubes, which exhibits an on/off ratio of 10 at operational gate voltage as low as 1 V.

Mechanisms of adverse mammary effect induced by olanzapine and therapeutic interventions in rat model.

Background: Olanzapine antagonizes dopamine receptors and is prescribed to treat multiple psychiatric conditions. The main side effect of concern for olanzapine is weight gain and metabolic syndrome. Olanzapine induces hyperprolactinemia, however its effect on the mammary gland is poorly documented.

Bio-inspired Two-dimensional Nanofluidic Ionic Transistor for Neuromorphic Signal Processing.

Voltage-gated ion channels prevalent in neurons play important roles in generating action potential and information transmission by responding to transmembrane potential. Fabricating bio-inspired ionic transistors with ions as charge carriers will be crucial for realizing neuro-inspired devices and brain-liking computing. Here, we reported a two-dimensional nanofluidic ionic transistor based on a MXene membrane with sub-1 nm interlayer channels.

Ionic Transistors.

Biological voltage-gated ion channels, which behave as life's transistors, regulate ion transport precisely and selectively through atomic-scale selectivity filters to sustain important life activities. By this inspiration, voltage-adaptable ionic transistors that use ions as signal carriers may provide an alternative information processing unit beyond solid-state electronic devices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the first generation of biomimetic ionic transistors, including their operating mechanisms, device architecture development, and property characterizations.

Suramin, an antiparasitic drug, stimulates adipocyte differentiation and promotes adipogenesis.

Background: Previous studies demonstrated that mast cells with their degranulated component heparin are the major endogenous factors that stimulate preadipocyte differentiation and promote fascial adipogenesis, and this effect is related to the structure of heparin. Regarding the structural and physiological properties of the negatively charged polymers, hexasulfonated suramin, a centuries-old medicine that is still used for treating African trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, is assumed to be a heparin-related analog or heparinoid. This investigation aims to elucidate the influence of suramin on the adipogenesis.

Charges Transfer in Interfaces for Energy Generating.

Under the threat of energy crisis and environmental pollution, the technology for sustainable and clean energy extraction has received considerable attention. Owing to the intensive exploration of energy conversion strategies, expanded energy sources are successfully converted into electric energy, including mechanical energy from human motion, kinetic energy of falling raindrops, and thermal energy in the ambient. Among these energy conversion processes, charge transfer at different interfaces, such as solid-solid, solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, and gas-contained interfaces, dominates the power-generating efficiency.

High-Altitude Hypoxia Exposure Induces Iron Overload and Ferroptosis in Adipose Tissue.

High altitude (HA) has become one of the most challenging environments featuring hypobaric hypoxia, which seriously threatens public health, hence its gradual attraction of public attention over the past decade. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of HA hypoxia on iron levels, redox state, inflammation, and ferroptosis in adipose tissue. Here, 40 mice were randomly divided into two groups: the sea-level group and HA hypoxia group (altitude of 5000 m, treatment for 4 weeks).

Mathematical analysis for spatial distribution of vessels, mast cells and adipocytes in superficial fascia.

As a novel origin of adipocytes, the superficial fascia, a typical soft connective tissue, has abundant adipocytes and preadipocytes, accompanied by numerous mast cells. Blood vessels pass through the fascia to form a network structure. The more reasonable statistical analysis methods can provide a new method for in-depth study of soft connective tissue by clarifying the spatial distribution relation between cells (point structure) and blood vessels (linear structure).

Hepatocellular cystathionine γ lyase/hydrogen sulfide attenuates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by activating farnesoid X receptor.

Background And Aims: Hydrogen sulfide (H S) plays a protective role in NAFLD. However, whether cystathionine γ lyase (CSE), a dominant H S generating enzyme in hepatocytes, has a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD is currently unclear.

Approach And Results: We showed that CSE protein expression is dramatically downregulated, especially in fibrotic areas, in livers from patients with NAFLD.

Generation of functional fat organoid from rat superficial fascia.

The organoid is a 3D cell architecture formed by self-organized tissues or cells in vitro with similar cell types, histological structures, and biological functions of the native organ. Depending on the unique organ structures and cell types, producing organoids requires individualized design and is still challenging. Organoids of some tissues, including adipose tissue, remain to generate to be more faithful to their original organ in structure and function.

Mast cell and heparin promote adipogenesis in superficial fascia of rats.

Fascial adipocytes are recently identified as a unique population of adipose cells, which have different developmental origins, anatomical locations, cytological and functional characteristics compared with subcutaneous or visceral adipocytes. Superficial fascia in rats (also in pigs but not obviously in mice) contains numbers of lineage committed preadipocytes which possess adipogenic potential in vivo. The present study aimed to investigate the physiological factors that contribute to fascial adipogenesis in rats.

Author Correction: Catestatin attenuates endoplasmic reticulum induced cell apoptosis by activation type 2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Homocysteine promotes hepatic steatosis by activating the adipocyte lipolysis in a HIF1α-ERO1α-dependent oxidative stress manner.

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is related to liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). Although the precise pathogenesis of NAFL is still largely unknown, the links between organs seem to play a vital role. The current study aimed to explore the role of white adipose tissue in homocysteine (Hcy)-induced NAFL.

CD4 T-Cell Endogenous Cystathionine γ Lyase-Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates Hypertension by Sulfhydrating Liver Kinase B1 to Promote T Regulatory Cell Differentiation and Proliferation.

Background: Hydrogen sulfide (HS) has antihypertension and anti-inflammatory effects, and its endogenous-generation key enzyme cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) is expressed in CD4 T cells. However, the role of CD4 T-cell endogenous CSE/HS in the development of hypertension is unclear.

Methods: Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated from hypertensive patients or spontaneously hypertensive rats, then HS production and expression of its generation enzymes, cystathionine β synthase and CSE, were measured to determine the major HS generation system changes in hypertension.

Cytological and functional characteristics of fascia adipocytes in rats: A unique population of adipocytes.

The dermal adipocytes, superficial fascia and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) exist in the interspaces between the dermis and muscular fascia. They are adjacent to each other and traditionally recognized as one SAT. Recently, the dermal adipocyte was redefined as a unique population independent from the SAT.

Sulfhydration of perilipin 1 is involved in the inhibitory effects of cystathionine gamma lyase/hydrogen sulfide on adipocyte lipolysis.

Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a novel adipokine mediating glucose uptake, lipid storage and mobilization, thus contributing to the genesis of obesity and associated diseases. Our previous work demonstrated that HS inhibited isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis by reducing the phosphorylation of perilipin 1 (plin-1), a lipid-droplet protein blocking lipase access. How HS modulates plin-1 phosphorylation is still unclear.

Spatial distribution and correlation of adipocytes and mast cells in superficial fascia in rats.

Superficial fascia has abundant preadipocytes capable of spontaneous and induced differentiation and is thought to be a novel origin of adipocytes. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the spatial distribution and correlation of adipocytes and mast cells in rat superficial fascia. Panoramic images were obtained from whole-mounted fascia stained by toluidine blue.

Hydrogen sulfide lowers hyperhomocysteinemia dependent on cystathionine γ lyase S-sulfhydration in ApoE-knockout atherosclerotic mice.

Background And Purpose: Hydrogen sulfide donors can block the cardiovascular injury of hyperhomocysteinemia. H S also lowers serum homocysteine in rats with mild hyperhomocysteinemia, but the pharmacological mechanism is unknown. The present study investigated the mechanism(s) involved.