Enhancer-driven transcription of MCM8 by E2F4 promotes ATR pathway activation and glioma stem cell characteristics.

Background: Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for glioma recurrence and drug resistance, yet the mechanisms underlying their maintenance remains unclear. This study aimed to identify enhancer-controlled genes involved in GSCs maintenance and elucidate the mechanisms underlying their regulation.

Methods: We analyzed RNA-seq data and H3K27ac ChIP-seq data from GSE119776 to identify differentially expressed genes and enhancers, respectively.

Exosomal miR-214-5p Released from Glioblastoma Cells Modulates Inflammatory Response of Microglia after Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation through Targeting CXCR5.

Background And Objective: Exosomes communicate inter-cellularly and miRNAs play critical roles in this scenario. MiR-214-5p was implicated in multiple tumors with diverse functions uncovered. However, whether miR-214-5p is mechanistically involved in glioblastoma, especially via exosomal pathway, is still elusive.

DNM3, p65 and p53 from exosomes represent potential clinical diagnosis markers for glioblastoma multiforme.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and deadly primary brain cancer that arises from astrocytes and classified as grade IV. Recently, exosomes have been reported as an essential mediator in diverse cancer carcinogenesis and metastasis. However, their role in GBM is still unclear.

Hippocampal synaptic and neural network deficits in young mice carrying the human APOE4 gene.

Introduction: Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is a major genetic risk factor for late-onset sporadic Alzheimer disease. Emerging evidence demonstrates a hippocampus-associated learning and memory deficit in aged APOE4 human carriers and also in aged mice carrying human APOE4 gene. This suggests that either exogenous APOE4 or endogenous APOE4 alters the cognitive profile and hippocampal structure and function.

Exosomal miR-221 targets DNM3 to induce tumor progression and temozolomide resistance in glioma.

MicroRNA is an important regulator of glioblastoma. This study aims at validating microRNA-221 (miR-221) as a biomarker for glioblastoma, and understanding how miR-221 regulates glioblastoma progression. Using clinical samples, miR-221 expression was analyzed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qPCR).

Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in the penumbra aggravates secondary damage in rats with traumatic brain injury.

Neuronal apoptosis is mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways such as the membrane-mediated, mitochondrial, and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways. Few studies have examined the endoplasmic reticulum-mediated apoptosis pathway in the penumbra after traumatic brain injury, and it remains unclear whether endoplasmic reticulum stress can activate the caspase-12-dependent apoptotic pathway in the traumatic penumbra. Here, we established rat models of fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury and found that protein expression of caspase-12, caspase-3 and the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein increased in the traumatic penumbra 6 hours after injury and peaked at 24 hours.

[Changes of protein kinase C activity in experimental presyrinx state in rabbits].

Objective: To investigate the changes of protein kinase C (PKC) activity and its role in the development of presyrinx state in rabbits.

Methods: Presyrinx state was established in 56 rabbits by intra-cisternal injection of kaolin. At 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after the injection, the water content in the upper cervical spinal cord was measured, its pathological changes observed microscopically and the PKC activity determined with substrate phosphorolysis kinase assay.

[Expression of aquaporin 4 during development of experimential presyrinx state in rabbits].

Objective: To investigate the expression of AQP4 during the development of presyrinx state of experimental syringomyelia in rabbits.

Methods: The experimental syringomyelia models of rabbits were established by intra-cisternal injection of Kaolin. The expression of AQP4 AQP4mRNA and the water content of upper cervical spinal cord were measured with immunohistochemistry Western blot RT-PCR and dry-wet measurement on days 1,3,7,14, and 21 after operation, respectively.