FDA-approved deep learning software application versus radiologists with different levels of expertise: detection of intracranial hemorrhage in a retrospective single-center study.

Purpose: To assess an FDA-approved and CE-certified deep learning (DL) software application compared to the performance of human radiologists in detecting intracranial hemorrhages (ICH).

Methods: Within a 20-week trial from January to May 2020, 2210 adult non-contrast head CT scans were performed in a single center and automatically analyzed by an artificial intelligence (AI) solution with workflow integration. After excluding 22 scans due to severe motion artifacts, images were retrospectively assessed for the presence of ICHs by a second-year resident and a certified radiologist under simulated time pressure.

Long-term evolution of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions in 7 T MRI.

Recent data suggest that multiple sclerosis white matter lesions surrounded by a rim of iron containing microglia, termed iron rim lesions, signify patients with more severe disease course and a propensity to develop progressive multiple sclerosis. So far, however, little is known regarding the dynamics of iron rim lesions over long-time follow-up. In a prospective longitudinal cohort study in 33 patients (17 females; 30 relapsing-remitting, three secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; median age 36.

Optimization of surgical parameters based on patient-specific models: Application to arcuate keratotomy.

Purpose: To determine surgical parameters for arcuate keratotomy by simulating the intervention with a patient-specific model.

Setting: University Eye Clinic Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria, and Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland.

Design: Computational modeling study.

Systemic exposure to intracameral vs topical mydriatic agents: in cataract surgery.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare systemic exposure to tropicamide/phenylephrine following intracameral or topical administration before cataract surgery.

Patients And Methods: Mydriatics exposure was calculated in patients randomized to intracameral fixed combination of mydriatics and anesthetic ([ICMA]: tropicamide 0.02%, phenylephrine 0.

Automatic segmentation and classification of breast lesions through identification of informative multiparametric PET/MRI features.

Background: Multiparametric positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (mpPET/MRI) shows clinical potential for detection and classification of breast lesions. Yet, the contribution of features for computer-aided segmentation and diagnosis (CAD) need to be better understood. We proposed a data-driven machine learning approach for a CAD system combining dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG)-PET.

Osteo-odonto-, Tibial bone and Boston keratoprosthesis in clinically comparable cases of chemical injury and autoimmune disease.

Purpose: To compare anatomical and functional results between three types of keratoprosthesis (KPro) in chemical injury and autoimmune disease.

Methods: 70 clinically comparable cases were included as follows: Boston KPro Type 1 25 eyes, osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP) 23 eyes, Tibial bone KPro 22 eyes. Survival times for anatomical and functional success were evaluated with Kaplan-Meier estimations and Log-rank tests.

Microvessels may Confound the "Swallow Tail Sign" in Normal Aged Midbrains: A Postmortem 7 T SW-MRI Study.

Background And Purpose: Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) plays a role in the differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, but lacks widespread acceptance in clinical routine. In a descriptive pilot study, we assessed hypointense microstructures of the normal substantia nigra pars compacta at ultrahigh-field strength for interpretation of the "swallow tail sign."

Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging at 7 Tesla was performed in five postmortem samples obtained from subjects not affected by Parkinson's disease.

The influence of brain iron and myelin on magnetic susceptibility and effective transverse relaxation - A biochemical and histological validation study.

Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and effective transverse relaxation rate (R2*) mapping are both highly sensitive to variations in brain iron content. Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies report changes of susceptibilities and relaxation rates in various neurological diseases which are often equated with changes in regional brain iron content. However, these mentioned metrics lack specificity for iron, since they are also influenced by the presence of myelin.

Noise reduction in FLAIR images using total generalized variation, Gaussian and Wiener filtering.

Purpose: Multiplication of FLAIR and T2-weighted MRI scans results in images (called FLAIR) with an improved contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions but with a reduced signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Denoising of these images may therefore further improve FLAIR image quality. The purpose of this work is to present a systematic investigation of FLAIR image denoising methods using Gaussian, Wiener and Total Generalized Variation (TGV) filtering approaches.

Genetics in Keratoconus - What is New?

Background: Keratoconus is characterized as a bilateral, progressive, non-inflammatory thinning of the cornea resulting in blurred vision due to irregular astigmatism. Keratoconus has a multifactorial etiology, with multiple genetic and environmental components contributing to the disease pathophysiology. Several genomic loci and genes have been identified that highlight the complex molecular etiology of this disease.

Post Mortem Validation of MRI-Identified Veins on the Surface of the Cerebral Cortex as Potential Landmarks for Neurosurgery.

Image-guided neurosurgery uses information from a wide spectrum of methods to inform the neurosurgeon's judgement about which tissue to resect and which to spare. Imaging data are registered to the patient's skull so that they correspond to the intraoperative macro- and microscopic view. The correspondence between imaging and optical systems breaks down during surgery, however, as a result of cerebro-spinal fluid drain age, tissue resection, and gravity-based brain shift.

Visual, aberrometric, photic phenomena, and patient satisfaction after myopic wavefront-guided LASIK using a high-resolution aberrometer.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the visual, refractive, and aberrometric outcomes as well as the level of patient satisfaction and photic phenomena after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery using wavefront-guided (WFG) ablations based on measurements obtained with a high-resolution aberrometer.

Patients And Methods: This study was a prospective analysis including 253 eyes of 127 patients (aged between 19 years and 54 years) undergoing WFG LASIK using the STAR S4 IR Excimer Laser System combined with the iDesign System and iFS Femtosecond Laser. Visual, refractive, and aberrometric outcomes during a 2-month follow-up as well as patient satisfaction and photic phenomena were evaluated by means of a questionnaire.

Slow expansion of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions: pathology and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging.

In multiple sclerosis (MS), iron accumulates inside activated microglia/macrophages at edges of some chronic demyelinated lesions, forming rims. In susceptibility-based magnetic resonance imaging at 7 T, iron-laden microglia/macrophages induce a rim of decreased signal at lesion edges and have been associated with slowly expanding lesions. We aimed to determine (1) what lesion types and stages are associated with iron accumulation at their edges, (2) what cells at the lesion edges accumulate iron and what is their activation status, (3) how reliably can iron accumulation at the lesion edge be detected by 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and (4) if lesions with rims enlarge over time in vivo, when compared to lesions without rims.

Comparison of short-term refractive surgery outcomes after wavefront-guided versus non-wavefront-guided LASIK.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare visual and refractive outcomes after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery for the correction of myopia or myopic astigmatism using 3 different treatment protocols.

Methods: We included 736 eyes of 369 patients (age 18-62 years) divided into 3 groups: 235 eyes of 118 patients (MEL80 group) undergoing LASIK using optimized aspheric ablation profiles (MEL80 excimer laser; Carl Zeiss Meditec), 248 eyes of 124 patients (Wavescan group) undergoing wavefront-guided (WFG) LASIK (STAR S4IR excimer laser + Wavescan aberrometer; Abbott Medical Optics), and 253 eyes of 127 patients (iDesign group) undergoing WFG LASIK (STAR S4IR excimer laser + iDesign system; Abbott Medical Optics). Visual and refractive outcomes were evaluated 2 months after surgery.

Immunohistochemical Detection of CTGF in the Human Eye.

Unlabelled: Purpose/Aim of the study: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key player in the control of extracellular matrix remodeling, fibrosis, and angiogenesis. It is also involved in the modification of the trabecular meshwork, thus potentially modulating outflow facility and intraocular pressure (IOP). As a consequence, CTGF might be relevant for the development of elevated IOP, a major risk factor in glaucoma-pathogenesis.

Local image variance of 7 Tesla SWI is a new technique for preoperative characterization of diffusely infiltrating gliomas: correlation with tumour grade and IDH1 mutational status.

Objectives: To investigate the value of local image variance (LIV) as a new technique for quantification of hypointense microvascular susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) structures at 7 Tesla for preoperative glioma characterization.

Methods: Adult patients with neuroradiologically suspected diffusely infiltrating gliomas were prospectively recruited and 7 Tesla SWI was performed in addition to standard imaging. After tumour segmentation, quantification of intratumoural SWI hypointensities was conducted by the SWI-LIV technique.

The topograpy of demyelination and neurodegeneration in the multiple sclerosis brain.

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with primary demyelination and neurodegeneration in the central nervous system. In our study we analysed demyelination and neurodegeneration in a large series of multiple sclerosis brains and provide a map that displays the frequency of different brain areas to be affected by these processes. Demyelination in the cerebral cortex was related to inflammatory infiltrates in the meninges, which was pronounced in invaginations of the brain surface (sulci) and possibly promoted by low flow of the cerebrospinal fluid in these areas.

Randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate different intraocular lenses for the surgical compensation of low to moderate-to-high regular corneal astigmatism during cataract surgery.

Purpose: To evaluate vector analysis, rotational stability, and visual outcomes after implantation of toric IOLs with low (<2.25 diopter [D]) toric values (Acrysof IQ SN6AT3 or SN6AT4) and moderate-to-high toric (3.00 D to 6.

The Ocular Surface and How It Can Influence the Outcomes of Keratoprosthesis.

Severe ocular diseases may result in partial or complete limbal cell deficiency. Besides conservative options, treatment options include conjunctival replacement procedures and limbal autografting. Limbal allografts are an option in patients with bilateral limbal cell deficiency.

Combining phase images from array coils using a short echo time reference scan (COMPOSER).

Purpose: To develop a simple method for combining phase images from multichannel coils that does not require a reference coil and does not entail phase unwrapping, fitting or iterative procedures.

Theory And Methods: At very short echo time, the phase measured with each coil of an array approximates to the phase offset to which the image from that coil is subject. Subtracting this information from the phase of the scan of interest matches the phases from the coils, allowing them to be combined.

Suggested Guidelines for Reporting Keratoprosthesis Results: Consensus Opinion of the Cornea Society, Asia Cornea Society, EuCornea, PanCornea, and the KPRO Study Group.

Purpose: To propose a series of standardized guidelines for reporting keratoprosthesis (KPRO) results.

Methods: At the most recent KPRO Study Group Meeting (Barcelona, 2015), representatives of the 4 multinational corneal societies (Cornea Society, Asia Cornea Society, EuCornea, and PanCornea) and the KPRO Study Group agreed to propose consistent terminology for reporting KPRO results, especially in describing the length of follow-up and in the description of the KPRO itself. Consensus was reached for minimal reporting guidelines.

The Small-Aperture IC-8 Intraocular Lens: A New Concept for Added Depth of Focus in Cataract Patients.

Purpose: To evaluate visual performance of subjects implanted monocularly with a small-aperture hydrophobic intraocular lens (IC-8 IOL).

Design: A prospective, noncomparative, multicenter case series.

Methods: A series of 12 patients, presenting for cataract surgery, were implanted monocularly with a single-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular with a centrally located opaque annular mask measuring 3.

Vector Analysis, Rotational Stability, and Visual Outcome After Implantation of a New Aspheric Toric IOL.

Purpose: To evaluate vector analysis, rotational stability, and refractive and visual outcome of a new toric intraocular lens (IOL) for correction of preexisting corneal astigmatism during routine cataract surgery.

Methods: In this prospective, interventional case series, 30 toric, aspheric Bi-Flex T toric IOLs (Medicontur Medical Engineering Ltd., Inc.