Using qualitative systems mapping to analyze the linkages between the behavioral and social (BeSD) determinants of routine childhood immunization in LMICs.

Background: Designing effective immunization programs requires a strong understanding of how the factors affecting vaccine uptake interplay. In this review, we analyze the relationships between the Behavioral and Social Drivers (BeSD) of routine immunization using qualitative systems mapping (QSM).

Methods: In this review, we analyzed 92 experimental and quasi-experimental impact evaluations (IEs) from 11 LMICs that were published between 2010 and 2020.

Sustaining the mobile medical units to bring equity in healthcare: a PLS-SEM approach.

Background: Equitable access to healthcare for rural, tribal, and underprivileged people has been an emerging area of interest for researchers, academicians, and policymakers worldwide. Improving equitable access to healthcare requires innovative interventions. This calls for clarifying which operational model of a service innovation needs to be strengthened to achieve transformative change and bring sustainability to public health interventions.

Interventions addressing routine childhood immunization and its behavioral and social drivers.

Introduction: Despite the advances in vaccination, there are still several challenges in reaching millions of children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this review, we present an extensive summary of the various strategies used for improving routine immunization in LMICs to aid program implementers in designing vaccination interventions.

Methods: Experimental and quasi-experimental impact evaluations conducted in LMICs evaluating the effectiveness of interventions in improving routine immunization of children aged 0-5 years or the intermediate outcomes were included from 3ie's review of systematic reviews.

Exploring landscape of measles vaccination coverage: A step towards measles elimination goal in India.

Introduction: Measles remains a critical public health concern causing significant morbidity and mortality globally. Despite the success of measles vaccination programs, challenges persist, particularly in India. This study investigates dose-wise measles vaccination coverage and explores gaps in immunization focusing on zero-dose, one-dose, and two-dose coverage among children aged 24-35 months.

Potential impact of rotavirus vaccination on reduction of childhood diarrheal disease in India: An analysis of National Family Health Survey-5.

Rotavirus is one of the leading causes of diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. In this study, we investigated the impact of rotavirus vaccination on the prevalence of diarrheal disease among children under five years of age in India. Research on the impact of the rotavirus vaccine on reducing diarrheal disease is therefore important in contributing to the growing body of evidence on the effectiveness of this intervention in improving child health outcomes.

Examining the Impact of Key Factors on COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage in India: A PLS-SEM Approach.

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, numerous factors determined the performance of COVID-19 vaccination coverage. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of factors such as government stewardship, planning and implementation, and community participation on COVID-19 vaccination coverage. This study applied partial least square structured equation modeling (PLS-SEM) by analyzing 187 responses from the stakeholders involved in vaccination programs in four select states of India.

Exploring the Pattern of Immunization Dropout among Children in India: A District-Level Comparative Analysis.

The dropout rate is one of the determinants of immunization coverage and program performance, program continuity, and follow-up. The dropout rate refers to the proportion of vaccine recipients who did not finish their vaccination schedules, and it is determined by comparing the number of infants who started the schedule to the number who completed it. It is the rate difference between the first and final dosage or the rate difference between the first vaccination and the last vaccine dropout; thus, it denotes that the first recommended dose of vaccine was received, but that the subsequently recommended dose was missed.

Modeling a COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign in the State of Madhya Pradesh, India.

Unlabelled: COVID-19 vaccination campaigns have been launched across the globe to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 disease. However, COVID-19 vaccination campaigns (Vaccination campaigns are the complete process of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns beyond just administrating vaccines.) are a complex multi-stakeholder process, and therefore, it is important to understand the key components and drivers of vaccination campaigns to help devise strategies to increase vaccination coverage for existing and future vaccination efforts.

Care Around Birth Approach: A Training, Mentoring, and Quality Improvement Model to Optimize Intrapartum and Immediate Postpartum Quality of Care in India.

Background: With the highest risk of maternal and newborn mortality occurring during the period around birth, quality of care during the intrapartum and immediate postpartum periods is critical for maternal and neonatal survival.

Methods: The United States Agency for International Development's Scaling Up Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health Interventions project, also known as the Vriddhi project, collaborated with the national and 6 state governments to design and implement the Care Around Birth approach in 141 high caseload facilities across 26 high-priority districts of India from January 2016 to December 2017. The approach aimed to synergize evidence-based technical interventions with quality improvement (QI) processes, respectful maternity care, and health system strengthening efforts.

Intrapartum Fetal Heart Monitoring Practices in Selected Facilities in Aspirational Districts of Jharkhand, Odisha and Uttarakhand.

Background: The risk of mortality for the mother and the newborn is aggravated during birth in low- and middle-income countries due to preventable causes, which can be addressed with increased quality of care practices. One such practice is intrapartum fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring, which is crucial for the early detection of fetal ischemia, but is inadequately monitored in low- and middle-income countries. In India, there is currently a lack of sufficient data on FHR monitoring.

Strengthening the Use of Partograph in High Caseload Public Health Facilities in India through an Integrated Quality Improvement Approach.

Background: The effective implementation of evidence-based practices including the use of partograph to improve maternal and newborn outcomes is critical on account of increased institutional delivery. However, despite clear guidelines, partograph use in India is not widely practiced.

Materials And Methods: Quality improvement (QI) efforts along with training and mentoring were operationalized in a total of 141 facilities across 26 high priority districts of India.

Implementation of "health systems approach" to improve vaccination at birth in institutional deliveries at public health facilities; experience from six states of India.

Introduction: Newborn vaccination is an integral part of routine immunization program in India, but program implementation gaps exist. The focus of this article is to identify and describe an implementation strategy which could improve the newborn vaccination at the facility level.

Materials And Methods: A situation analysis was conducted through a mixed-methods approach to identify the lacunae in the health system and the same was used to develop an implementation strategy to improve newborn vaccination coverage across the six priority states.

India's RMNCH+A Strategy: approach, learnings and limitations.

Building on the gains of the National Health Mission, India's Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Strategy, launched in 2013, was a milestone in the country's health planning. The strategy recognised the interdependence of RMNCH+A Interventions across the life stages and adopted a comprehensive approach to address inequitable distribution of healthcare services for the vulnerable population groups and in poor-performing geographies of the country. Based on innovative approaches and management reforms, like selection of poor-performing districts, prioritisation of high-impact RMNCH+A healthcare interventions, engagement of development partners and institutionalising a concurrent monitoring system the strategy strived to improve efficiency and effectiveness within the public healthcare delivery system of the country.

Improving Adolescent Health Services across High Priority Districts in 6 States of India: Learnings from an Integrated Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child and Adolescent Health Project.

Background: India has been at the forefront of designing adolescent health (AH) policies. The National Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health policy (2006), the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn Child, and AH strategy (2013), and the "Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK)" (2014) have been the critical milestones in this direction. However, despite policies being available, the AH outcomes need improvement through operationalization of focused and need-based AH interventions.

Sustainable Development Goals: Leveraging the Global Agenda for Driving Health Policy Reforms and Achieving Universal Health Coverage in India.

Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is now the critical yardstick for countries to measure and track progress toward the "Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)." Being a signatory, India has started taking measures to attain the targets laid out within the SDG framework and achieving the UHC. With India's National Health Policy (NHP) - 2017 in place, the policy environment for transforming country's health landscape coincides with that of the global approach toward strengthening of health systems and achieving UHC.

Implementation of community based advance distribution of misoprostol in Himachal Pradesh (India): lessons and way forward.

Background: Postpartum Hemorrhage remains the leading cause of maternal mortality. To prevent PPH, Misoprostol tablet in a dose of 600 micrograms is recommended for use immediately after childbirth in home deliveries wherein the use of oxytocin is difficult. The current article describes an implementation of "community based advance distribution of Misoprostol program" in India which aimed to design an operational framework for implementing this program.

Engaging communities with a simple tool to help increase immunization coverage.

The level of vaccination coverage in a given community depends on both service factors and the degree to which the public understands and trusts the immunization process. This article describes an approach that aims to raise awareness and boost demand. Developed in India, the "My Village Is My Home" (MVMH) tool, known as Uma Imunizasaun (UI) in Timor-Leste, is a poster-sized material used by volunteers and health workers to record the births and vaccination dates of every infant in a community.

A study to evaluate the effect of nutritional intervention measures on admitted children in selected nutrition rehabilitation centers of indore and ujjain divisions of the state of madhya pradesh (India).

Background: The state of Madhya Pradesh has 1.3 million severely malnourished children. Nutrition rehabilitation centers (NRCs) were started in the state to control severe malnutrition and decrease the prevalence of severe malnourished children to less than 1% among children aged 1-5 years.

A study to assess the needs of people living with HIV/AIDS reporting to an ART Center of Central India.

Effectively addressing the needs of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) and providing them with adequate care and support services are an essential intervention necessary to address the problem of HIV. The current study analyzed the needs of PLHA, the support received and the support required, to help frame comprehensive and focused programs for HIV infected individuals. The study was cross-sectional in design, incorporating quantitative analysis techniques and was conducted at the Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) Center of MGM Medical College Indore, India, from February 2009 to January 2010.