Adding wisdom to 'smart' bioelectronic systems: a design framework for physiologic control including practical examples.

This perspective provides an overview of how risk can be effectively considered in physiological control loops that strive for semi-to-fully automated operation. The perspective first introduces the motivation, user needs and framework for the design of a physiological closed-loop controller. Then, we discuss specific risk areas and use examples from historical medical devices to illustrate the key concepts.

Assessment of the 24th Week Success of Anti-Retroviral Therapy in the Action against HIV in Istanbul Database: Results from a Region with Increasing Incidence.

We aimed to assess the 24-week virological and immunological success of the treatment of treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients included in the Action against HIV in Istanbul (ACTHIV-IST) database. The ACTHIV-IST database was screened retrospectively from January 2012 to January 2014. The data for these patients such as age, sex, treatment-naive or treatment-experienced status, date of diagnosis, date of commencing antiretroviral therapy, antiretroviral therapy regimen, CD4+ cell count, and viral load before and after therapy were analyzed.

Effects of vibration on cutaneous silent period.

Suppression of an ongoing muscle contraction following noxious digital stimulation is called cutaneous silent period (CSP) which is under the influence of several physiological factors. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of group Ia afferents on the cutaneous silent period (CSP) by applying 2-min vibration. CSP was obtained from abductor pollicis brevis muscle after stimulating index finger.

A review of basal ganglia circuits and physiology: Application to deep brain stimulation.

Introduction: Drawing on the seminal work of DeLong, Albin, and Young, we have now entered an era of basal ganglia neuromodulation. Understanding, re-evaluating, and leveraging the lessons learned from neuromodulation will be crucial to facilitate an increased and improved application of neuromodulation in human disease.

Methods: We will focus on deep brain stimulation (DBS) - the most common form of basal ganglia neuromodulation - however, similar principles can apply to other neuromodulation modalities.

Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms for Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Particle Size.

Aims And Objectives: Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) are pharmaceutical delivery systems that have advantages such as controlled drug release, long-term stability etc. Particle Size (PS) is one of the important criteria of SLNs. These factors affect drug release rate, bio-distribution etc.

Duane Retraction Syndrome: Clinical Features and a Case Group-Specific Surgical Approach.

Purpose: To describe the clinical features of patients with Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) and evaluate the outcomes of surgical approaches based on the characteristics of each patient.

Methods: The records of 38 Caucasian subjects with DRS were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were classified as type I, II, or III based on the Huber Classification.

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in men with HIV infection.

The pathophysiology of an early and accelerated atherosclerotic process is complex and multifactorial in HIV-infected men compared with HIV-non-infected men. Several biomarkers have been well studied in the detection of the early stage of atherosclerosis, but studies are limited in HIV-infected men. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and carotid intima-media wall thickness (CIMT) in asymptomatic HIV-infected men.

Design and assessment of stimulation parameters for a novel peripheral nerve interface.

Bi-directional interfaces for peripheral nerve stimulation and recording aim to improve control and acceptance of sensorized prosthetic limbs. The implantable multimodal peripheral recording and stimulation system (IMPRESS) is an intraneural interface technology supporting a high-density transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrode (hd-TIME). Herein we report on in vivo selectivity studies using a passive hd-TIME, and computational modeling towards optimal stimulation parameters for fiber recruitment.

A Chronically Implantable Neural Coprocessor for Investigating the Treatment of Neurological Disorders.

Developing new tools to better understand disorders of the nervous system, with a goal to more effectively treat them, is an active area of bioelectronic medicine research. Future tools must be flexible and configurable, given the evolving understanding of both neuromodulation mechanisms and how to configure a system for optimal clinical outcomes. We describe a system, the Summit RC+S "neural coprocessor," that attempts to bring the capability and flexibility of a microprocessor to a prosthesis embedded within the nervous system.

Prepulse modulation and recovery of trigemino-cervical reflex in normal subjects.

Objective: In this study, we analyzed the inhibitory control on the trigemino-cervical reflex (TCR), and whether or not prepulse modulation (PPM) has an effect on TCR. Thus, we studied the PPM of TCR. We hypothesized that TCR would presumably be under the modulatory effect after the prepulse stimulus similar to blink reflex (BR).

Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Versus Zona Incerta Region Deep Brain Stimulation in Essential Tremor.

Background: The ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) is the target of choice for Essential Tremor (ET) deep brain stimulation (DBS). Renewed interest in caudal zona incerta (cZI) stimulation for tremor control has recently emerged and some groups believe this approach may address long-term reduction of benefit seen with VIM-DBS.

Objectives: To compare clinical outcomes and DBS programming in the long-term between VIM and cZI neurostimulation in ET-DBS patients.

The diagnostic value of the serum irisin level in patients with acute pericarditis and acute myopericarditis.

Objective: This preliminary study aims to examine a change in the blood levels of irisin in patients with acute pericarditis (AP) and acute myopericarditis (AMP) and examine the diagnostic value of the serum irisin level in AP and AMP.

Methods: 10 patients, who applied to the emergency service and cardiology clinic with chest pain and who were diagnosed with AP and 5 patients, who were diagnosed with AMP as a result of routine examinations, were included in the study. The basal laboratory parameters, echocardiography findings and serum irisin levels of the patients and during check one month later were examined.

Role of mesial temporal lobe structures in sensory processing in humans: a prepulse modulation study in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Prepulse modulation (PPM) is an electrophysiological method which enables to assess sensory processing in vivo. Reflex responses may be facilitated or inhibited (prepulse inhibition, PPI) after a weak stimulus. Theoretically, in animal studies, the generator of PPI involves pedunculopontine nucleus which is modulated by various structures, including amygdala.

Lacrimal gland tumors in Turkey: types, frequency, and outcomes.

Aim: To evaluate the clinical, radiological, and treatment features of lacrimal gland tumors.

Methods: Retrospective review of 99 eyes of 92 patients with lacrimal gland tumors diagnosed and managed in a single institution between January 1999 and March 2017. Clinical and radiological features, histopathology, treatment methods, and prognosis were evaluated.

Corneal endothelial changes in patients with vitamin D deficiency.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of vitamin D deficiency on corneal endothelial layer using specular microscopy.

Methods: Fifty-eight eyes of 58 patients whose vitamin D level was below 15 ng/ml and who had no ocular pathology were included in the study (Group 1). Forty eyes of 40 age-and sex-matched subjects were enrolled as control group (Group 2).

Idiopathic Orbital Inflammation: Review of Literature and New Advances.

Idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) is a benign inflammatory condition usually confined to the orbit but extraorbital extension can also occur. IOI has been classified into categories including anterior, diffuse, posterior or apical, myositis, and dacryoadenitis. Other rare types of IOI include periscleritis, perineuritis, and focal mass.

Evaluation of Subtle Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction by Longitudinal Systolic Strain in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background: Although left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) is a major cause of morbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, there is limited data on cardiac functions of these patients. Compared to the conventional echocardiography, the global longitudinal strain (GLS) can detect subclinical myocardial dysfunction at an earlier stage.

Objectives: In our study, we aimed to evaluate left ventricular systolic functions using the GLS in HIV-infected patients and to investigate the effect of cluster of differentiation 4 T-cell values on LVSD.

Reduced inhibition in brainstem circuits in classical trigeminal neuralgia.

Objective: We hypothesized that prepulse modulation (PPM) would be altered in trigeminal neuralgia (TN) if suprasegmental inhibitory network involvement was present and tested our hypothesis in a group of patients with classical TN.

Methods: The study enrolled nine consecutive patients with classical TN and 14 healthy subjects. Diagnosis and classification followed the International Classification of Headache Disorders-third edition (beta version).

Overview of benign and malignant lacrimal gland tumors.

Purpose Of Review: The goal of this article is to review the key clinical and radiological features, treatment strategies, and prognosis of lacrimal gland tumors.

Recent Findings: Debulking of the orbital lobe of the lacrimal gland may offer improved control rates in dacryoadenitis without compromise of tear film function. Contrary to previous belief, careful biopsy of the lacrimal gland prior to excision does not appear to increase the risk of recurrence in cases with suspected pleomorphic adenoma.

Non-motor Characterization of the Basal Ganglia: Evidence From Human and Non-human Primate Electrophysiology.

Although the basal ganglia have been implicated in a growing list of human behaviors, they include some of the least understood nuclei in the brain. For several decades studies have employed numerous methodologies to uncover evidence pointing to the basal ganglia as a hub of both motor and non-motor function. Recently, new electrophysiological characterization of the basal ganglia in humans has become possible through direct access to these deep structures as part of routine neurosurgery.

Grayanotoxin levels in blood, urine and honey and their association with clinical status in patients with mad honey intoxication.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is an association between grayanotoxin levels in urine and blood of patients with mad honey intoxication and in the honey consumed, and the resulting clinical picture. The pilot data acquired from this study was analysed in National Forensic Service, Daejeon Institute, South Korea and first results were published as a preliminary study.

Patients And Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at a university hospital emergency department in Turkey.

Human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis coinfection: clinical features and predictors of mortality.

Background/aim: This study was undertaken to identify subjects with human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculosis (HIV/TB) coinfection in a group of HIV-positive patients followed at five different healthcare centers, and to determine the demographic and clinical characteristics of these subjects as well as the predictors of mortality. Materials and methods: A database search for subjects with TB coinfection was performed among 1475 HIV-positive adult patients and a total of 66 individuals were identified with HIV/TB coinfection. Results: There were 66 patients (4.

Immunization rates of pneumococcal, influenza and tetanus vaccines and knowledge and attitudes of adult patients who receive inpatient treatment at hospital: Point prevalence study.

The safety of vaccines, access to health care, the level of community's knowledge and the attention of physicians play a critical role in the rate of adult vaccination. This study aims to determine the immunization rate of pneumococcal, influenza and tetanus vaccines among the patients and their knowledge and attitudes in the hospital. The study is a cross-sectional point prevalence survey.

Histiocytic lesions of the orbit: A study of 9 cases.

Purpose: To describe the clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome of patients with histiocytic lesions of the orbit.

Methods: Retrospective study of 9 patients treated and followed up between October 2001 and January 2018.

Results: Eight patients in our series were males and one patient was female.