Gender differences in cardiometabolic health and disease in a cross-sectional observational obesity study.

Background: Beyond the degree of adiposity, the pattern of fat distribution has a profound influence on cardiometabolic risk. It is unclear if sex differences in body fat distribution can potentially explain any sex differences in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in individual cardiometabolic risk factors among obese men and women.

Methods: In this cross-sectional analysis, 432 persons from the ongoing Obesity Weight Reduction Study (n = 356 obese, ØBMI 41 ± 8 kg/m, and 76 non-obese, ØBMI 25 ± 3 kg/m), were included.

Small-area analysis on socioeconomic inequalities in cancer survival for 25 cancer sites in Germany.

Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer survival have been reported in various countries but it is uncertain to what extent they persist in countries with relatively comprehensive health insurance coverage such as Germany. We investigated the association between area-based socioeconomic deprivation on municipality level and cancer survival for 25 cancer sites in Germany. We used data from seven population-based cancer registries (covering 32 million inhabitants).

Area-Based Socioeconomic Inequalities in Colorectal Cancer Survival in Germany: Investigation Based on Population-Based Clinical Cancer Registration.

Socioeconomic inequalities in colorectal cancer survival have been observed in many countries. To overcome these inequalities, the underlying reasons must be disclosed. Using data from three population-based clinical cancer registries in Germany, we investigated whether associations between area-based socioeconomic deprivation and survival after colorectal cancer depended on patient-, tumor- or treatment-related factors.

Socioeconomic differences and lung cancer survival in Germany: Investigation based on population-based clinical cancer registration.

Objectives: Studies from several countries reported socioeconomic inequalities in lung cancer survival. Hypothesized reasons are differences in cancer care or tumor characteristics. We investigated associations of small-area deprivation and lung cancer survival in Germany and the possible impact of differences in patient, tumor or treatment factors.

Socioeconomic Differences and Lung Cancer Survival-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The impact of socioeconomic differences on cancer survival has been investigated for several cancer types showing lower cancer survival in patients from lower socioeconomic groups. However, little is known about the relation between the strength of association and the level of adjustment and level of aggregation of the socioeconomic status measure. Here, we conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the association of individual and area-based measures of socioeconomic status with lung cancer survival.

Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Numerous epidemiologic studies have examined the relation of physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness to risk of cutaneous melanoma but the available evidence has not yet been quantified in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods: Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), we identified 3 cohort studies (N = 12,605 cases) and 5 case-control studies (N = 1,295 cases) of physical activity and melanoma incidence, and one cohort study (N = 49 cases) of cardiorespiratory fitness and melanoma risk.

Results: Cohort studies revealed a statistically significant positive association between high versus low physical activity and melanoma risk (RR = 1.

Cancers Due to Infection and Selected Environmental Factors.

Background: Causal relationships with the occurrence of cancer have been established for a number of infections and environmental risk factors.

Methods: Numbers and proportions (population-attributable fractions, PAF) of cancer cases attributable to these factors in Germany were calculated by sex and age groups for ages 35 to 84 years based on population projections, national cancer incidence, exposure data, and published risk estimates.

Results: For 2018, more than 17 600 cancer cases (4.

Cancers Due to Excess Weight, Low Physical Activity, and Unhealthy Diet.

Background: Excess weight, low physical activity, low intakes of dietary fiber, fruits, and vegetables, and high meat and salt intake increase cancer risk.

Methods: Numbers and proportions (population-attributable fractions, PAF) of incident cancer cases in Germany in 2018 attributable to these factors were estimated by sex and age groups for ages 35 to 84 years using population projections, national cancer incidence and exposure data, and published risk estimates.

Results: Estimated numbers (percentages) of attributable cancers were 30 567 (7%) for excess weight, 27 081 (6%) for low physical activity, 14 474 (3%) for low dietary fiber intake, 9447 (2%) for low fruit and vegetable consumption, 9454 (2%) and 1687 (0.

Cancers Due to Smoking and High Alcohol Consumption.

Background: Tobacco and alcohol consumption are known causes of cancer. We set out to estimate the absolute numbers and proportions of cancer attributable to smoking and high alcohol consumption in Germany in 2018.

Methods: Numbers and proportions (population-attributable fractions, PAF) were calculated by sex and age group for ages 35 to 84 years based on population projections, national cancer incidence and exposure data, and published relative risks.

Continuous decline of hepatitis E virus seroprevalence in southern Germany despite increasing notifications, 2003-2015.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is viewed as an emerging pathogen. Many European countries, including Germany, have observed a steep increase of notified autochthonous hepatitis E cases in recent years. Our study investigated time trends in HEV seroprevalence in southern Germany between 2003 and 2015.

Pre- and post-diagnosis physical activity, television viewing, and mortality among hematologic cancer survivors.

Purpose: The associations of physical activity and television (TV) viewing with mortality risk among individuals with hematologic malignancies remain unclear.

Methods: We examined the relations of physical activity and TV viewing time before and after diagnosis with mortality among 5182 U.S.

Design and Evaluation of a Computer-Based 24-Hour Physical Activity Recall (cpar24) Instrument.

Background: Widespread access to the Internet and an increasing number of Internet users offers the opportunity of using Web-based recalls to collect detailed physical activity data in epidemiologic studies.

Objective: The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the validity and reliability of a computer-based 24-hour physical activity recall (cpar24) instrument with respect to the recalled 24-h period.

Methods: A random sample of 67 German residents aged 22 to 70 years was instructed to wear an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 3 days.

Visceral adipose tissue but not subcutaneous adipose tissue is associated with urine and serum metabolites.

Obesity is a complex multifactorial phenotype that influences several metabolic pathways. Yet, few studies have examined the relations of different body fat compartments to urinary and serum metabolites. Anthropometric phenotypes (visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), the ratio between VAT and SAT (VSR), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)) and urinary and serum metabolite concentrations measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were measured in a population-based sample of 228 healthy adults.

Physical Activity and Risk of Colon Cancer in Diabetic and Nondiabetic US Adults.

Objective: To determine whether moderate to vigorous physical activity is associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer in diabetic patients.

Patients And Methods: We evaluated the association between physical activity and colon cancer in 25,753 patients with a self-reported history of diabetes and in 274,965 nondiabetic individuals from the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study who were aged 50 to 71 years in 1995-1996. Moderate to vigorous physical activity was assessed at baseline using a self-administered questionnaire.

Does smoking influence the physical activity and lung cancer relation? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Research suggests an inverse association between physical activity and lung cancer. However, whether the relation is modified by degree of smoking adjustment has not been summarized. We conducted a meta-analysis of physical activity and lung cancer focusing on evaluating whether smoking status and the degree of smoking adjustment influenced the association.

Relations of Visceral and Abdominal Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference to Serum Concentrations of Parameters of Chronic Inflammation.

Background: Different measures of body fat composition may vary in their relations to parameters of chronic inflammation.

Methods: We assessed the relations of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), BMI, and waist circumference (WC) to serum concentrations of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), resistin, and adiponectin in 97 healthy adults using multivariate linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, menopausal status, and use of aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Parameters of chronic inflammation were mutually adjusted.

Body mass index, physical activity, and risk of adult meningioma and glioma: A meta-analysis.

Objective: Whether adiposity and lack of physical activity affect the risk for developing meningioma and glioma is poorly understood. Our objective was to characterize these associations in detail.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of adiposity and physical activity in relation to meningioma and glioma using cohort and case-control studies published through February 2015.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of physical activity and endometrial cancer risk.

Physical activity is related to decreased endometrial cancer risk. However, a comprehensive investigation of activity domains, intensities, time periods in life, and potential interaction with body mass index is unavailable. We performed a meta-analysis of physical activity and endometrial cancer studies published through October 2014.

Physical activity and risk of pancreatic cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Physical activity may prevent pancreatic cancer by regulating body weight and decreasing insulin resistance, DNA damage, and chronic inflammation. Previous meta-analyses found inconsistent evidence for a protective effect of physical activity on pancreatic cancer but those studies did not investigate whether the association between physical activity and pancreatic cancer varies by smoking status, body mass index (BMI), or level of consistency of physical activity over time. To address these issues, we conducted an updated meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines among 30 distinct studies with a total of 10,501 pancreatic cancer cases.

Reproducibility and validity of ultrasound for the measurement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues.

Background: Ultrasound represents a low-cost and widely available field method for assessing visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) but its measurement properties are uncertain. The aim of the current study was to examine the reproducibility and validity of ultrasound to quantify abdominal fat compartments.

Methods: In two study centers, VAT and SAT thicknesses were quantified by ultrasound two times by two observers each among 127 adults aged 20-70 years.

Body size and physical activity in relation to incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Background: Limited evidence suggests that adiposity and lack of physical activity may increase the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We investigated the relation of body size and physical activity with incidence of COPD.

Methods: We obtained data on anthropometric measurements and physical activity from 113,279 participants in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study who reported no diagnosis of COPD at baseline (1995-1996).

Decline in hepatitis E virus antibody prevalence in southeastern Germany, 1996-2011.

Unlabelled: In the past decade, an increasing frequency of acute hepatitis E was noted in Germany and other European countries. Moreover, a high prevalence (17%) of hepatitis E virus (HEV) immunoglobulin G antibodies (anti-HEV) was recently found in the adult German population. Although this suggests an emerging pathogen, reports from other countries gave hints to a completely new aspect: a possible decrease in anti-HEV prevalence during the last decades.

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: laboratory, clinical, and imaging findings as predictors of patient outcome.

Objective: In patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis, we analyzed whether laboratory and clinical findings determined in the early phase of disease and morphologic features on contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) at the beginning of the late phase of disease are helpful in predicting patient outcome and whether CECT findings provide additional information in establishing prognosis compared with the laboratory and clinical findings.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective analysis of 99 patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis was performed. Four laboratory variables (albumin, calcium, C-reactive protein, WBC count) and three clinical variables (Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE] II score; Simplified Acute Physiology Score [SAPS] II; persistent organ failure) were assessed.

The association between physical activity and gastroesophageal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Physical activity may decrease gastroesophageal cancer risk through a reduction of oxidative stress and decreased chronic inflammation, yet few epidemiologic studies have been able to report a clear inverse association between physical activity and gastroesophageal cancer. Because no meta-analysis has investigated the relation of physical activity to gastroesophageal cancer, we conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis according to the PRISMA guidelines based on 24 studies with a total of 15,745 cases. When we compared high versus low physical activity levels and summarized associations according to anatomic site and tumor histology, risk reductions were evident for esophageal adenocarcinoma [relative risk (RR) = 0.

Physical activity in relation to risk of hematologic cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Despite the existence of numerous biologic pathways potentially linking increased physical activity to decreased risk of hematologic cancers, the associations between physical activity and subtype-specific hematologic cancers have not been comprehensively quantified.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of physical activity in relation to subtype-specific hematologic cancers. We summarized the data from 23 eligible studies (15 cohort and eight case-control studies) and estimated summary relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects models.