Effects of Neuropeptide Y administration into the lateral hypothalamus on intake of free-choice high-fat high-sucrose diet components of the male Wistar rat.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling in the brain plays an important role in energy regulation, and is altered during diet-induced obesity. Yet, NPY function during the consumption of specific diet components remains to be fully determined. We have previously demonstrated that consumption of a saturated fat component (free-choice high-fat; fcHF), a sucrose solution (high-sugar; fcHS), or both (fcHFHS) combined with a standard diet (chow and water) has diverse effects on expression in the arcuate nucleus and the sensitivity to intraventricular NPY administration.

Neuropeptide Y Signaling in the Lateral Hypothalamus Modulates Diet Component Selection and is Dysregulated in a Model of Diet-Induced Obesity.

The preclinical multicomponent free-choice high-fat high-sucrose (fcHFHS) diet has strong validity to model diet-induced obesity (DIO) and associated maladaptive molecular changes in the central nervous system. fcHFHS-induced obese rats demonstrate increased sensitivity to intracerebroventricular infusion of the orexigenic Neuropeptide Y (NPY). The brain region-specific effects of NPY signaling on fcHFHS diet component selection are not completely understood.

Stressing the importance of choice: Validity of a preclinical free-choice high-caloric diet paradigm to model behavioural, physiological and molecular adaptations during human diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction.

Humans have engineered a dietary environment that has driven the global prevalence of obesity and several other chronic metabolic diseases to pandemic levels. To prevent or treat obesity and associated comorbidities, it is crucial that we understand how our dietary environment, especially in combination with a sedentary lifestyle and/or daily-life stress, can dysregulate energy balance and promote the development of an obese state. Substantial mechanistic insight into the maladaptive adaptations underlying caloric overconsumption and excessive weight gain has been gained by analysing brains from rodents that were eating prefabricated nutritionally-complete pellets of high-fat diet (HFD).

Afferent neuropeptide Y projections to the ventral tegmental area in normal-weight male Wistar rats.

The hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) circuitry is a key regulator of feeding behavior. NPY also acts in the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuitry, where it can increase motivational aspects of feeding behavior through effects on dopamine output in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and on neurotransmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Endogenous NPY in the NAc originates from local interneurons and afferent projections from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc).

The effect of obesogenic diets on brain Neuropeptide Y.

Obesity is a major health problem characterized by accumulated fat mass. The availability of an energy-dense, highly palatable diet plays an important role in obesity development. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an orexigenic peptide, is affected by dietary composition and NPY can affect dietary preference.

Neuropeptide Y activity in the nucleus accumbens modulates feeding behavior and neuronal activity.

Background: Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a prominent role in feeding and energy homeostasis. Expression of the NPY Y1 receptor (Y1R) is highly concentrated in the nucleus accumbens (Acb), a region important in the regulation of palatable feeding. In this study, we performed a number of experiments to investigate the actions of NPY in the Acb.

Maternal deprivation and dendritic complexity in the basolateral amygdala.

Rationale: Maternal deprivation at postnatal day 3 was reported to enhance fear learning in a sex specific manner. Since the amygdala is critically involved in fear conditioning we examined here whether maternal deprivation regulates dendritic complexity in this area.

Objective: To assess whether maternal deprivation regulates dendritic complexity in the basolateral amygdala of male and female rats.

Abdominal wall endometriomas.

Background: The diagnosis of abdominal wall endometriomas is often confused with other surgical conditions.

Methods: A retrospective study was made of 12 patients presenting with an abdominal wall mass, which proved to be endometrioma.

Results: Of a total of 297 patients of endometriosis treated in our hospital over a 7-year period, 12 (4%) had isolated abdominal wall endometriomas.

Histoplasmosis of the small bowel in patients with AIDS.

Two cases of jejunal strictures caused by Histoplasma capsulatum in AIDS patients are presented. Both patients were intravenous drug abusers. One patient, who was being treated for Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia, presented with jejunal perforation and the other presented with lower gastrointestinal bleeding and intestinal obstruction.

Kimura's disease: a case report and literature review.

Kimura's disease, which occurs endemically in the Far East and sporadically in the West, has so far eluded efforts to determine its exact pathogenesis. It presents as solitary or multiple benign swellings of the skin, has a predilection for the periauricular and scalp regions, and often is associated with regional lymphadenopathy. Morphologically, the lesions are characterized by proliferating blood vessels with rich eosinophilic infiltrate.

Management of colonic perforation after colonoscopy. Report of three cases.

In a review of 5424 colonoscopies performed in the last ten years at Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center, 14 perforations related to the procedure were found. Seven perforations occurred during therapeutic colonoscopies (polypectomies) and seven during diagnostic colonoscopies. Eight patients were treated surgically and six nonsurgically.

Gunshot wound of the left chest and Bochdalek hernia.

A 16-year-old male presented with a hemopneumothorax following a gunshot wound to the left chest. He was treated effectively with closed suction drainage for 48 hours when he suddenly complained of severe left chest pain. Preoperative diagnosis was suggestive of a traumatic diaphragmatic hernia but operative findings were confirmatory of a rare hernia through the foramen of Bochdalek.

Volvulus of the transverse colon. Reports of cases and review of the literature.

Volvulus of the transverse colon is rare. Sixty-six cases have been reported in the English medical literature, and three new cases are presented herein. The causative factors, classical clinical presentation, radiologic findings, and management have been addressed.