The importance of vitamin D in the diagnosis and treatment of adenomyosis.

There is still no unified theory of the occurrence of adenomyosis. The theories of retrograde menstruation, metaplasia, activation of Mullerian residues, lymphatic and vascular dissemination, iatrogenic dissemination, immunological changes, genetic predisposition, etc. are discussed.

Epidemiology of pre-eclampsia in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Background: Pre-eclampsia (PE) still significantly contributes to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed at evaluation of the prevalence of PE among Kazakhstani women and on elucidation of the associated maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Methods: The study followed a retrospective cross-sectional design and was based on the data obtained from the electronic patient registry comprising health records of all patients hospitalized to maternal facilities of Kazakhstan over the period of one year.