Aeromedical evacuation-relevant hypobaria following traumatic brain injury in rats contributes to cerebral blood flow depression, altered neurochemistry, and increased neuroinflammation.

Aircraft cabins are routinely pressurized to the equivalent of 8000 ft altitude. Exposure of lab animals to aeromedical evacuation relevant hypobaria after traumatic brain injury worsens neurological outcomes, which is paradoxically exacerbated by hyperoxia. This study tested the hypothesis that exposure of rats to hypobaria following cortical impact reduces cerebral blood flow, increases neuroinflammation, and alters brain neurochemistry.

Generative Artificial Intelligence in Pathology and Medicine: A Deeper Dive.

This review article builds upon the introductory piece in our 7-part series, delving deeper into the transformative potential of generative artificial intelligence (Gen AI) in pathology and medicine. The article explores the applications of Gen AI models in pathology and medicine, including the use of custom chatbots for diagnostic report generation, synthetic image synthesis for training new models, data set augmentation, hypothetical scenario generation for educational purposes, and the use of multimodal along with multiagent models. This article also provides an overview of the common categories within Gen AI models, discussing open-source and closed-source models, as well as specific examples of popular models such as GPT-4, Llama, Mistral, DALL-E, Stable Diffusion, and their associated frameworks (eg, transformers, generative adversarial networks, diffusion-based neural networks), along with their limitations and challenges, especially within the medical domain.

Harnessing the Power of Generative Artificial Intelligence in Pathology Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Context.—: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are rapidly transforming numerous fields, including pathology, and hold significant potential to revolutionize educational approaches.

Objective.

Evaluating combined effects of chronic, low-dose exposures of cadmium (CLEC) and hyperglycemia on insulin signaling dysfunction in a hepatocellular model.

The pathophysiological effects of chronic heavy metal exposures on human health remains uncertain. In this study, we developed a novel chronic, low-dose exposure of Cadmium (CLEC) model using the hepatocellular cell lines, HepG2 and HUH7. We modulated cell culture conditions to mimic human normoglycemic (5.

Longitudinal Assessment of Glymphatic Changes Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Insights from PVS burden and DTI-ALPS Imaging.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) even in the mild form may result in long-lasting post-concussion symptoms. TBI is also a known risk to late-life neurodegeneration. Recent studies suggest that dysfunction in the glymphatic system, responsible for clearing protein waste from the brain, may play a pivotal role in the development of dementia following TBI.

Simultaneous Measurement of GABA, Glutathione, and Glutamate-Glutamine in the Thalamus using Edited MR Spectroscopy: Feasibility and Applications in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: MR spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive tool for evaluating biochemical alterations, such as glutamate (Glu)/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) imbalance and depletion of antioxidative glutathione (GSH) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thalamus, a critical and vulnerable region post-TBI, is challenging for MRS acquisitions, necessitating optimization to simultaneously measure GABA/Glu and GSH.

Purpose: To assess the feasibility and optimize acquisition and processing approaches for simultaneously measuring GABA, Glx (Glu + glutamine (Gln)), and GSH in the thalamus, employing Hadamard encoding and reconstruction of MEscher-GArwood (MEGA)-edited spectroscopy (HERMES).

High Throughput Screening Assessment of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation using Dihydroethidium (DHE) Fluorescence Dye.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the regulation of cellular metabolism in physiological and pathological processes. Physiological ROS production plays a central role in the spatial and temporal modulation of normal cellular functions such as proliferation, signaling, apoptosis, and senescence. In contrast, chronic ROS overproduction is responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, among others.

Focused Ultrasound Central Lateral Thalamotomy for the Treatment of Refractory Neuropathic Pain: Phase I Trial.

Background And Objectives: Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) central lateral thalamotomy (CLT) has not yet been validated for treating refractory neuropathic pain (NP). Our aim was to assess the safety and potential efficacy of MRgFUS CLT for refractory NP.

Methods: In this prospective, nonrandomized, single-arm, investigator-initiated phase I trial, patients with NP for more than 6 months related to phantom limb pain, spinal cord injury, or radiculopathy/radicular injury and who had undergone at least one previous failed intervention were eligible.

Biomass smoke inhalation promotes neuroinflammatory and metabolomic temporal changes in the hippocampus of female mice.

Smoke from wildland fires has been shown to produce neuroinflammation in preclinical models, characterized by neural infiltrations of neutrophils and monocytes, as well as altered neurovascular endothelial phenotypes. To address the longevity of such outcomes, the present study examined the temporal dynamics of neuroinflammation and metabolomics after inhalation exposures from biomass-derived smoke. 2-month-old female C57BL/6 J mice were exposed to wood smoke every other day for 2 weeks at an average exposure concentration of 0.

Artificial intelligence and digital pathology: clinical promise and deployment considerations.

Artificial intelligence (AI) presents an opportunity in anatomic pathology to provide quantitative objective support to a traditionally subjective discipline, thereby enhancing clinical workflows and enriching diagnostic capabilities. AI requires access to digitized pathology materials, which, at present, are most commonly generated from the glass slide using whole-slide imaging. Models are developed collaboratively or sourced externally, and best practices suggest validation with internal datasets most closely resembling the data expected in practice.

Cerebellar functional connectivity change is associated with motor and neuropsychological function in early stage drug-naïve patients with Parkinson's disease.

Introduction: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting both motor and cognitive function. Previous neuroimaging studies have reported altered functional connectivity (FC) in distributed functional networks. However, most neuroimaging studies focused on patients at an advanced stage and with antiparkinsonian medication.

In Vivo Tissue Distribution of Microplastics and Systemic Metabolomic Alterations After Gastrointestinal Exposure.

Global plastic use has consistently increased over the past century with several different types of plastics now being produced. Much of these plastics end up in oceans or landfills leading to a substantial accumulation of plastics in the environment. Plastic debris slowly degrades into microplastics (MPs) that can ultimately be inhaled or ingested by both animals and humans.

Neuroinflammatory and Metabolomic Temporal Dynamics Following Wood Smoke Inhalation.

Smoke from wildland fires has been shown to produce neuroinflammation in preclinical models, characterized by neural infiltrations of neutrophils and monocytes, as well as altered neurovascular endothelial phenotypes. To address the longevity of such outcomes, the present study examined the neuroinflammatory and metabolomic temporal dynamics after inhalation exposures from biomass-derived smoke. 2-month-old female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to wood smoke every other day for two weeks at an average exposure concentration of 0.

Toward vendor-independent measurement of cerebral venous oxygenation: Comparison of TRUST MRI across three major MRI manufacturers and association with end-tidal CO.

Cerebral venous oxygenation (Y ) is a valuable biomarker for a variety of brain diseases. T relaxation under spin tagging (TRUST) MRI is a widely used method for Y quantification. In this work, there were two main objectives.

Plasma neurofilament light and brain volumetric outcomes among middle-aged urban adults.

Elevated plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL) is associated with dementia though underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We examined cross-sectional relationships of time-dependent plasma NfL with selected brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) prognostic markers of dementia. The sample was drawn from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span (HANDLS) study, selecting participants with complete v (2004-2009) and v (2009-2013) plasma NfL exposure and ancillary sMRI data at v (2011-2015, n = 179, mean v to v time: 5.

Label Propagation via Random Walk for Training Robust Thalamus Nuclei Parcellation Model from Noisy Annotations.

Data-driven thalamic nuclei parcellation depends on high-quality manual annotations. However, the small size and low contrast changes among thalamic nuclei, yield annotations that are often incomplete, noisy, or ambiguously labelled. To train a robust thalamic nuclei parcellation model with noisy annotations, we propose a label propagation algorithm based on random walker to refine the annotations before model training.

Supraspinatus fatty infiltration on MRI among older adults receiving physical therapy as initial management for clinically suspected rotator cuff tear: A pilot study.

Objectives: Rotator cuff (RC) tear is common among adults ≥60 years, with supraspinatus tear most common. Intramuscular fatty infiltration (FI) on imaging is predictive of long-term outcomes following RC tear. Physical therapists routinely diagnose RC tear only by clinical examination since most do not order imaging studies.

White matter integrity as a mediator between socioeconomic status and executive function.

Introduction: Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with poorer executive function, but the neural mechanisms of this association remain unclear. As healthy brain communication is essential to our cognitive abilities, white matter integrity may be key to understanding socioeconomic disparities.

Methods: Participants were 201 African American and White adults (ages 33-72) from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) SCAN study.

Plasma neurofilament light as blood marker for poor brain white matter integrity among middle-aged urban adults.

Plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL)'s link to dementia may be mediated through white matter integrity (WMI). In this study, we examined plasma NfL's relationships with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging markers: global and cortical white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) and trace (TR). Plasma NfL measurements at 2 times (v: 2004-2009 and v: 2009-2013) and ancillary dMRI (v: 2011-2015) were considered (n = 163, mean time v to v = 5.