High prevalence of heteroresistance in Staphylococcus aureus is caused by a multitude of mutations in core genes.

Heteroresistance (HR) is an enigmatic phenotype where, in a main population of susceptible cells, small subpopulations of resistant cells exist. This is a cause for concern, as this small subpopulation is difficult to detect by standard antibiotic susceptibility tests, and upon antibiotic exposure the resistant subpopulation may increase in frequency and potentially lead to treatment complications or failure. Here, we determined the prevalence and mechanisms of HR for 40 clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates, against 6 clinically important antibiotics: daptomycin, gentamicin, linezolid, oxacillin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin.

Host Adaptation in Legionellales Is 1.9 Ga, Coincident with Eukaryogenesis.

Bacteria adapting to living in a host cell caused the most salient events in the evolution of eukaryotes, namely the seminal fusion with an archaeon, and the emergence of both mitochondrion and chloroplast. A bacterial clade that may hold the key to understanding these events is the deep-branching gammaproteobacterial order Legionellales-containing among others Coxiella and Legionella-of which all known members grow inside eukaryotic cells. Here, by analyzing 35 novel Legionellales genomes mainly acquired through metagenomics, we show that this group is much more diverse than previously thought, and that key host-adaptation events took place very early in its evolution.

Contribution of Podoviridae and Myoviridae bacteriophages to the effectiveness of anti-staphylococcal therapeutic cocktails.

Bacteriophage therapy is considered one of the most promising therapeutic approaches against multi-drug resistant bacterial infections. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are very efficiently controlled with therapeutic bacteriophage cocktails, containing a number of individual phages infecting a majority of known pathogenic S. aureus strains.

Author Correction: System OMICs analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing B0/W148 cluster.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Metabolic Changes of during the Anti-Tuberculosis Therapy.

Tuberculosis, caused by complex bacteria, remains one of the most pressing health problems. Despite the general trend towards reduction of the disease incidence rate, the situation remains extremely tense due to the distribution of the resistant forms. Most often, these strains emerge through the intra-host microevolution of the pathogen during treatment failure.

System OMICs analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing B0/W148 cluster.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing B0/W148 is one of the most widely distributed clusters in the Russian Federation and in some countries of the former Soviet Union. Recent studies have improved our understanding of the reasons for the "success" of the cluster but this area remains incompletely studied. Here, we focused on the system omics analysis of the RUS_B0 strain belonging to the Beijing B0/W148 cluster.

The role of IS6110 in micro- and macroevolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 2.

The insertion sequence 6110 (IS6110) is the most studied transposable element in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species. The element plays a significant role in genome plasticity of this important human pathogen, but still many causes and consequences of its transposition have not been fully studied. Here, we analyzed insertion sites for 902 Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 2 strains using whole-genome sequencing data.

MGERT: a pipeline to retrieve coding sequences of mobile genetic elements from genome assemblies.

Background: Genomes of eukaryotes are inhabited by myriads of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) - transposons and retrotransposons - which play a great role in genome plasticity and evolution. A lot of computational tools were developed to annotate them either in genomic assemblies or raw reads using de novo or homology-based approaches. But there has been no pipeline enabling users to get coding and flanking sequences of MGEs suitable for a downstream analysis from genome assemblies.

Simple Assay for Detection of the Central Asia Outbreak Clade of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing Genotype.

The Central Asia outbreak (CAO) clade is a branch of the Beijing genotype that is associated with multidrug resistance, increased transmissibility, and epidemic spread in parts of the former Soviet Union. Furthermore, migration flows bring these strains far beyond their areas of origin. We aimed to find a specific molecular marker of the Beijing CAO clade and develop a simple and affordable method for its detection.

Multiple interspecific hybridization and microsatellite mutations provide clonal diversity in the parthenogenetic rock lizard Darevskia armeniaca.

Background: The parthenogenetic Caucasian rock lizard Darevskia armeniaca, like most other parthenogenetic vertebrate species, originated through interspecific hybridization between the closely related sexual Darevskia mixta and Darevskia valentini. Darevskia armeniaca was shown to consist of one widespread allozyme clone and a few rare ones, but notwithstanding the origin of clonal diversity remains unclear. We conduct genomic analysis of D.

Dimerization misalignment in human glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase variants is the primary factor for PLP release.

The active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), plays an essential role in the catalytic mechanism of various proteins, including human glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (hGOT1), an important enzyme in amino acid metabolism. A recent molecular and genetic study showed that the E266K, R267H, and P300L substitutions in aspartate aminotransferase, the Arabidopsis analog of hGOT1, genetically suppress a developmentally arrested Arabidopsis RUS mutant. Furthermore, CD analyses suggested that the variants exist as apo proteins and implicated a possible role of PLP in the regulation of PLP homeostasis and metabolic pathways.

Proteogenomic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing B0/W148 cluster strains.

Nowadays proteomics is one of the major instruments for editing and correcting annotation of genomic information. The correct genome annotation is necessary for omics studies of clinically relevant pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as for the progress in drug design and in silico biology. Here, we focused on the proteogenomic analysis of W-148 strain belonging to the Beijing B0/W148 cluster.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the causative agent of the human cercarial dermatitis, the visceral bird schistosome species (platyhelminthes: Trematoda: Schistosomatidae).

We report the first complete mitochondrial genome of visceral bird schistosome Platyhelminthes, Trematoda: Schistosomatidae). The circular genome is 14293 bp in length and contains 12 protein-coding genes, 12S and 16S rRNAs genes, 22 tRNAs and one non-coding region (202 bp) (accession number MF136777). Phylogenetic relationships based on 12 protein-coding gene sequences (PCG) of mitogenomes of a number of trematode and cestode species have shown that is the closest genetic relative to nasal bird schistosome The complete mitogenome sequence of may serve as a resource for comparative mitogenomics and trematode evolution studies

Naphthablins B and C, Meroterpenoids Identified from the Marine Sediment-Derived Streptomyces sp. CP26-58 Using HeLa Cell-Based Cytological Profiling.

HeLa cell-based cytological profiling (CP) was applied to an extract library of marine sediment-derived actinomycetes to discover new cytotoxic secondary metabolites. Among the hit strains, Streptomyces sp. CP26-58 was selected for further investigation to identify its cytotoxic metabolites.

PENELOPE-LIKE RETROTRANSPOSONS IN THE GENOME OF ASIAN BLOOD FLUKE SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (TREMATODA: SCHISTOSOMATIDAE).

Mobile genetic elements (in particular, retrotransposons) constitute a considerable part of eukaryotic genomes. These elements are one of the main sources of variability and instability. Although mobile genetic elements had been discovered more than 60 years ago, certain classes of these elements, such as Penelope-like elements (PLE) remain insufficiently understood.

Cadmium(II) inhibition of human uracil-DNA glycosylase by catalytic water supplantation.

Toxic metals are known to inhibit DNA repair but the underlying mechanisms of inhibition are still not fully understood. DNA repair enzymes such as human uracil-DNA glycosylase (hUNG) perform the initial step in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. In this work, we showed that cadmium [Cd(II)], a known human carcinogen, inhibited all activity of hUNG at 100 μM.

[Videolaparoscopic and morphological parallels in diagnosis of different forms of acute appendicitis].

Aim: To compare results of macroscopic assessment and materials of histological examination of 1635 appendices removed using videolaparoscopy in patients with acute appendicitis. All patients have been treated in N.V.

THE CONCENTRATION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND THE LEVEL CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC ULCER, DUODENAL ULCER AND ALCOHOLIC CHRONIC PANCREATITIS.

Introduction: There are a lot of pathogenic factors involved in development of polyetiologic diseases. Acetylcholine is known as first-order mediator and plays important role in development and maintenance of pathological processes. In this article we provide data on concentration of acetylcholine (Ah) in blood serum of patients with stomach ulcer (SU), duodenal ulcer (DU), alcoholic chronic pancreatitis (ACP) and control group.

Laparoscopic Splenectomy in Patients With Spleen Injuries.

Introduction: Spleen injury appears in 10% to 30% of abdominal trauma patients. Mortality among the patients in the last 20 years remains high (6% to 7%) and shows no tendency to decline. Nowadays nonoperative management is widely accepted management of patients with low-grade spleen injury, whereas management of patients with high-grade spleen injury (III and higher) is not so obvious.

Structural and Population Polymorphism of RT-Like Sequences in Avian Schistosomes Trichobilharzia szidati (Platyhelminthes: Digenea: Schistosomatidae).

Recently we developed the genus-specific markers of the avian schistosomes of the genus Trichobilharzia, the causative agents of human cercarial dermatitis. The 7 novel genome sequences of T. franki, T.

Engineering trypsin for inhibitor resistance.

The development of effective protease therapeutics requires that the proteases be more resistant to naturally occurring inhibitors while maintaining catalytic activity. A key step in developing inhibitor resistance is the identification of key residues in protease-inhibitor interaction. Given that majority of the protease therapeutics currently in use are trypsin-fold, trypsin itself serves as an ideal model for studying protease-inhibitor interaction.

[Mini-invasive technologies in treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients with high operational and anesthetic risk].

The treatment results of 769 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis and high operational and anesthetic risk at admission are presented in the retrospective study. High risk was determined by expressed comorbidities, diseases' terms, the complications of acute cholecystitis, age, which was more than 60 years in most cases. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the severity of comorbidity and the possible effects of its correction.

[Historical journey to infant feeding].

The article provides an overview of the available literature on problems of infant nutrition, and shows the historical development of the principles of infant feeding. It discusses in greater detail the use of goat milk as a basis for infant nutrition. It notes the need for a comparative analysis of breast milk substitutes, and for clinical studies evaluating the value of goat milk in infant nutrition.

[Results of international multicentre non-interventional clinical study of the effectiveness and safety of ascoril expectorant for the treatment of cough in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan].

This paper reports results of international multicentre non-interventional clinical study of the effectiveness and safety of ascoril expectorant for the treatment of cough in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The study included 16312 patients examined in different cities during 2011-2012. It showed that ascoril expectorant (Glenmark) at a standard dose is an effective agent for the treatment of cough in children above 3 years and adults aged up to 78 years with ARVI and acute bronchitis, exacerbation of these conditions or grade I-II chronic obstructire pulmonary disease.