Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Bleomycin and Hesperidin Combination on A549 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells: Antiproliferative, Apoptotic, Anti-Angiogenic, and Autophagic Insights.

: This study investigated the combined effects of hesperidin (Hesp), a natural flavonoid, with bleomycin (BL), a commonly used chemotherapy agent, on A549 human lung cancer cells. : Key parameters assessed included cell viability, colony formation, and cell migration, alongside the expression of apoptotic and autophagic markers (p53, p21, Bax, cleaved PARP, and Beclin-1), VEGF levels, and caspase-3 activity. : The findings revealed that the Hesp + BL combination significantly amplified antiproliferative, apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and autophagic effects compared to either treatment alone.