Forward Osmosis (FO) Membrane Fouling Mitigation during the Concentration of Cows' Urine.

FO membrane fouling mitigation during the concentration of cows' urine was investigated. In particular, the effects on the permeability recovery of cleaning methods such as membrane washing with deionized (DI) water, osmotic backwash, and chemical cleaning were studied. The characterization of foulants that accumulated on the membrane surface was found to be rich in sugars and proteins.

Development of Absorbent Using Amylose-Graphite Composite Electrode for Removal of Heavy Metals.

Amylose of captures heavy metals in a box consisting of sugar chains. However, its absorption rate is low in the period of the month scale. Therefore, the electrochemical driving force was used to promote the absorption rate in this research.

Heat shock protein 47 stress responses in Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to raw and reclaimed wastewater.

As wastewater reclamation and reuse becomes more widespread, risks of exposure to treated wastewater increase. Moreover, an unlimited number of pollutants can be identified in wastewater. Therefore, comprehensive toxicity assessment of treated wastewater is imperative.

Assessing the removal potential of soil-aquifer treatment system (soil column) for endotoxin.

Soil-aquifer treatment (SAT) of wastewater is an increasingly valued practice for replenishing aquifers due to ease of operation and low maintenance needs and therefore low cost. In this study, we investigated the fate of endotoxins through laboratory-scale SAT soil columns over a four month period. The effluent of rapid sand filtration was run through the columns under gravity flow conditions.

Characterization of endotoxic indicative organic matter (2-keto-3deoxyoctulosonic acid) in raw and biologically treated domestic wastewater.

The aim of this research is to characterize the organic matter showing endotoxicity in domestic wastewater. It is assumed that endotoxicity is caused by lipo-polysaccharide (LPS), particularly large and hydrophobic molecules. In this study, a batch experiment (decay test for 12 h) was conducted to confirm whether LPS is the cause of endotoxicity or not.

Assessment of endotoxin activity in wastewater treatment plants.

Endotoxic material, commonly associated to biological reactions, is thought to be one of the most important constituents in water. This has become a very important topic because of the common interest in microbial products governed by the possible shift to water reuse for drinking purposes. In this light, this study was conducted to provide an assessment of endotoxic activity in reclaimed wastewater.

Survey on LPS endotoxin in rejected water from sludge treatment facility.

In this study, we applied the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test to rejected water samples from a sludge treatment facility in Sapporo, Japan. The endpoint LAL test was performed using a commercial kit and involved incubating a mixture of water samples and LAL reagent at 37 degrees C. We have observed that all of the rejected water showed endotoxic activity.