Activation of TGR5 Increases Urine Concentration by Inducing AQP2 and AQP3 Expression in Renal Medullary Collecting Ducts.

Introduction: G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5), the first G protein-coupled receptor for bile acids identified, is capable of activating a variety of intracellular signaling pathways after interacting with bile acids. TGR5 plays an important role in multiple physiological processes and is considered to be a potential target for the treatment of various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Evidence has emerged that genetic deletion of TGR5 results in an increase in basal urine output, suggesting that it may play a critical role in renal water and salt reabsorption.

Bile acid receptors and renal regulation of water homeostasis.

The kidney is the key organ responsible for maintaining the body's water and electrolyte homeostasis. About 99% of the primary urine filtered from the Bowman's capsule is reabsorbed along various renal tubules every day, with only 1-2 L of urine excreted. Aquaporins (AQPs) play a vital role in water reabsorption in the kidney.

Role of FXR in Renal Physiology and Kidney Diseases.

Farnesoid X receptor, also known as the bile acid receptor, belongs to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors, which performs its functions by regulating the transcription of target genes. FXR is highly expressed in the liver, small intestine, kidney and adrenal gland, maintaining homeostasis of bile acid, glucose and lipids by regulating a diverse array of target genes. It also participates in several pathophysiological processes, such as inflammation, immune responses and fibrosis.

A Computational Toolbox to Investigate the Metabolic Potential and Resource Allocation in Fission Yeast.

The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is a popular eukaryal model organism for cell division and cell cycle studies. With this extensive knowledge of its cell and molecular biology, S. pombe also holds promise for use in metabolism research and industrial applications.

Intranasal administration of white tea alleviates the olfactory function deficit induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress.

Context: White tea [ (L) O.Ktze. (Theaceae)] is popular in Asia, but its benefits on olfactory injury are unknown.

Age-specific effects of P2X7 receptors on olfactory function in mice.

This study aimed to explore the age-specific effects of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) knockout on olfactory function in mice. In this study, we analyzed olfactory functions of 2-month-old, 10-month-old and 18-month-old female P2X7R KO mice and age-matched female C57BL/6 wildtype mice (WT mice) by buried food seeking test and olfactory avoidance test. The structure of mitochondria and synapses in olfactory bulb were observed by electron microscopy.

The effects of P2X7 receptor knockout on emotional conditions over the lifespan of mice.

Neuroinflammation is one of the key factors contributing to depression. Recent studies have identified P2X7 receptor (P2X7r) as a major inflammatory regulator. However, the effects of P2X7r knockout (KO) on emotional conditions over the lifespan of mice are unknown.

A perspective demonstration on the importance of variable selection in inverse calibration for complex analytical systems.

Classical calibration and inverse calibration are two kinds of multivariate calibration in chemical modeling. They use strategies of modeling in component spectral space and in measured variable space, respectively. However, the intrinsic difference between these two calibration models is not fully investigated.

Numerical model for the investigation of countercurrent chromatography.

A numerical model is developed to describe the separation process of countercurrent chromatography (CCC) in this work. The theory of countercurrent extraction table (TCCET) is first proposed to calculate concentration distributions of chemical components in the CCC, which is essential for a numerical model to describe the dynamic equilibrium of mass transfer. According to the theory of countercurrent extraction, the concentration in chromatography obeys binomial distribution, while the outflow from the n-th stage is a negative binomial distribution.

Enhancing the photoelectrical performance of dye-sensitized solar cells using TiO2:Eu3+ nanorods.

TiO(2):Eu(3+) nanorods are hydrothermally grown and used to fabricate a bilayer film electrode in a dye-sensitized solar cell. A light-to-electrical energy conversion efficiency of 8.0% and a quantum efficiency of 93.