Number of subfields of the rat dorsal subiculum defined by NOS and PCP4 immunoreactivity changes according to different levels of observation.

The subiculum is the main output part of the hippocampal formation and is important for learning and memory. According to connection studies, the distal and proximal regions of the subiculum project to brain regions related to spatial and emotional memories, respectively. Our previous morphological studies indicated that the ventral subiculum (vSub) consists of two regions, the distal subiculum (Sub1) and the proximal subiculum (Sub2), whereas the dorsal subiculum (dSub) seems to comprise only one region (Sub1).

Cell-type specific inhibitory plasticity in subicular pyramidal cells.

The balance between excitation and inhibition is essential to the proper function of cortical circuits. To maintain this balance during dynamic network activity, modulation of the strength of inhibitory synapses is a central requirement. In this study, we aimed to characterize perisomatic inhibition and its plasticity onto pyramidal cells (PCs) in the subiculum, the main output region of the hippocampus.

Effect of an augmented reality active video game for gait training in children with cerebral palsy following single-event multilevel surgery: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: In paediatric rehabilitation, fun and motivation are also critical keys to successful therapy. A variety of interventions have shown positive effects, high level of interest, compliance and engagement with active video game (AVG).This seems to be an interesting approach for the postoperative gait rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Visual Feedback in Augmented Reality to Walk at Predefined Speed Cross-Sectional Study Including Children With Cerebral Palsy.

In an augmented reality environment, the range of possible real-time visual feedback is extensive. This study aimed to compare the impact of six scenarios in augmented reality combining four visual feedback characteristics on achieving a target walking speed. The six scenarios have been developed for Microsoft Hololens augmented reality headset.

Rehabilitation After Single-Event Multilevel Surgery for Children and Young Adults With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review.

This review sought to describe and analyze published protocols for rehabilitation after single-event multilevel surgery for people with cerebral palsy, to identify their differences and limits, and to introduce a common step-by-step framework for future descriptions and assessments of postoperative rehabilitation protocols.The MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) single-event multilevel surgery, (2) full-text reports published after 1985, and (3) articles with a method section describing the rehabilitation protocol.

Clinical gait analysis and physical examination don't correlate with physical activity of children with cerebral palsy. Cross-sectional study.

Gait analysis and physical clinical measures are usually performed in children with cerebral palsy to help the surgeons make therapeutic decision. However, the level of physical activity in daily life is not systematically assessed. The aim of this cross sectional study was to examine the correlations between: three-dimensional gait analysis kinematic and spatiotemporal parameters, clinical measures and physical activity.

Validity of Hololens Augmented Reality Head Mounted Display for Measuring Gait Parameters in Healthy Adults and Children with Cerebral Palsy.

Serious games are a promising approach to improve gait rehabilitation for people with gait disorders. Combined with wearable augmented reality headset, serious games for gait rehabilitation in a clinical setting can be envisaged, allowing to evolve in a real environment and provide fun and feedback to enhance patient's motivation. This requires a method to obtain accurate information on the spatiotemporal gait parameters of the playing patient.

[Evidence of pudendal neuropathy in Proctalgia Fugax: perineal neurophysiological assessment in 55 patients].

Objective: Proctalgia fugax (PF) is a very common condition especially in women. Causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of PF are unknown. Recently, a pudendal neuropathy was clinically suspected in women with PF.

[Bladder and bowel function in children with congenital spinal lipomatus malformations. A retrospective study of 114 cases].

Objective: To clarify bladder and bowel function of children with lipomas of the conus, without, before and after neurosurgery.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective analysis of 114 children with a lipomas of the conus, followed in our pediatric neuro-urology department from 1993 to 2010. Several data were collected: bladder and bowel symptoms, bladder and anorectal continence, neurosurgical indication and age, clinical modification after neurosurgery, investigations carried out in pre- and post-surgery treatment, associated bladder and bowel treatment.

Therapeutic education and intermittent self-catheterization: recommendations for an educational program and a literature review.

Purpose: To review the literature and to clarify the recommendations for therapeutic education programs for intermittent self-catheterization.

Materials And Methods: The literature on Medline, Pubmed, and Cochrane Library, with specific keywords, as well as the recommendations based on expert consensus.

Results: Clean intermittent self-catheterization (CICS) is the gold standard for managing chronic urinary retention, which allows the patients to improve their quality of life and to reduce the complications of upper urinary tract infections.

[Urinary disorders associated with bilharziasis. Urodynamic evaluation. Findings in 10 cases].

Unlabelled: Bilharziasis urinary disorders are characterized by recurent hematuria, overactive bladder symptoms (urgency, frequency and urge incontinence) and sometimes weak stream with or without urinary retention. We report 10 cases of urodynamic assessment.

Results: The main urodynamic symptom was overactive detrusor with uninhibited detrusor contraction during the filling phase.

[Approach to urinary incontinence in women].

Urinary incontinence is a very common problem in women; it can lead to a specific alteration of quality of life which is necessary to evaluate before any treatment. Various types of incontinence can be described: stress incontinence, urge incontinence, mixed incontinence. Clinical examination is always necessary to exclude a specific cause of incontinence particularly neurogenic dysfunction in which incontinence may be the first symptom before motor or sensitive alterations appearance.

Modulation of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR): qualitative and quantitative evaluation in multiple sclerosis.

Background: Rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) is a physiological modulated reflex involved in anorectal continence and defined by a relaxation of internal anal sphincter following rectal distension. Its existence depends on intramural autonomic ganglions and its modulation on the integrity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Aims: The aim of this study was to analyse RAIR modulation in terms of amplitude and duration in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) modulation in functional bowel disorders.

Background: Rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) is a physiological reflex implicated in anorectal continence. A lack of RAIR modulation is only described in spinal cord-injured patients with a lesion under L2. No quantitative data has been published concerning the normal modulation in amplitude and in duration in functional disorders.

Pencil and paper test: a new tool to predict the ability of neurological patients to practice clean intermittent self-catheterization.

Purpose: We created and validated the new pencil and paper test, which allows assessment of the ability of patients with a neurological disorder to practice clean intermittent self-catheterization.

Materials And Methods: We developed a simple test including common gestures mimicking the usual maneuvers needed during clean intermittent self-catheterization, and involving the same cognitive and physical resources needed for this technique. We evaluated the test in 118 patients with a neurological condition.

Cold perception of the bladder during ice water test. Study on 120 patients.

Objective: If the pathophysiology of bladder cooling reflex (BCR) elicited during an ice water test (IWT) is well-known (triggered by activation of cold receptors within the bladder wall supplied by unmyelinated C fiber afferents) and is widely used for the diagnosis of upper motor neurological lesions, the significance of having a perception of cold in the bladder (PCB) during IWT has not been properly defined yet.

Patient And Methods: Hundred and twenty patients undergoing IWT were analyzed and separated into four groups: group 1 (G1): patients with idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome (OAB); group 2 (G2): patients with functional dysuria (difficult urination due to bladder-neck obstruction, or congenital large bladder); group 3 (G3): patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and group 4 (G4): patients with cauda equina syndrome (CES). All patients had a cystometry and IWT.

Self-catheterization acquisition after hand reanimation protocols in C5-C7 tetraplegic patients.

Study Design: Case series from a prospectively acquired database and phone survey.

Objectives: To assess the efficacy of upper limb reanimation (ULR) protocols on acquisition of intermittent self-catheterization (ISC) in C5-C7 ASIA tetraplegic patients.

Setting: University Hospital, Paris, France.

[Multiple sclerosis and familial Mediterranean fever: a case report].

Introduction: Few cases of patients with both Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) have been reported, mainly from Turkey. Central nervous system manifestations are rare in FMF.

Case Report: We report the case of a 37-year-old right-handed man with FMF diagnosed at 17 the age of years and successfully treated with colchicine.

Control of erythropoiesis after high altitude acclimatization.

Erythropoiesis was studied in 11 subjects submitted to a 4-h hypoxia (HH) in a hypobaric chamber (4,500 m, barometric pressure 58.9 kPa) both before and after a 3-week sojourn in the Andes. On return to sea level, increased red blood cells (+3.

[The industrial management and the management of surgical units].

Management of operating rooms is moving nowadays. Financial constraints as well as new operating practices prompt the hospital manager to optimise the operating room utilisation. The manufacturing systems faced a similar situation in the early 1980, due to the increase in the cost of the energetic products and the new competitive environment.

Normo- and hypobaric hypoxia: are there any physiological differences?

Since Bert (1878) and Barcroft (1925), studies on hypoxia are realized by lowering ambient O(2) partial pressure (PO(2)) either by barometric pressure reduction (hypobaric hypoxia HH) or by lowering the O(2) fraction (normobaric hypoxia NH). Today, a question is still debated: "are there any physiological differences between HH and NH for the same ambient PO(2)?" Since published studies are scarce and controversial, we submitted 18 subjects in a random order to a 40-min HH test and to a 40-min NH test at an ambient PO(2) equal to 120 hPa (4500 m). Cardioventilatory variables [breathing frequency (f), tidal volume (V(t)), minute ventilation (V(E)), O(2) and CO(2) end-tidal fractions or pressures (FET(O2) and FET(CO2) or PET(O2) and PET(CO2) respectively), heart rate (HR) and O(2) arterial saturation by pulse oxymetry (SpO(2))] were measured throughout the tests.

Thermoregulation in the cold after physical training at different ambient air temperatures.

Since human thermoregulation at rest is altered by cold exposure, it was hypothesized that physical training under cold conditions would alter thermoregulation. Three groups (n = 8) of male subjects (mean age 24.3 +/- 0.