Optic Tract as an Upper Limit in Amygdalectomy: Microsurgical Study.

Background: In surgeries involving resection of the amygdala, despite clear relations established with the medial, lateral, anterior, posterior, and inferior segments, the upper limit remains controversial. The optic tract (OT) has been anatomically considered as a good landmark immediately inferior to the striatopallidal region. This anatomic structure has barely been explored by microsurgical study, generating uncertainty about the exact relationship with the surrounding structures.

Novel Simulation Model with Pulsatile Flow System for Microvascular Training, Research, and Improving Patient Surgical Outcomes.

Background: Simulation allows surgical trainees to acquire surgical skills in a safe environment. With the aim of reducing the use of animal experimentation, different alternative nonliving models have been pursued. However, one of the main disadvantages of these nonliving models has been the absence of arterial flow, pulsation, and the ability to integrate both during a procedure on a blood vessel.

Merkel cell carcinoma spinal metastases in an immunosuppressed patient: Clinical case.

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare epidermal malignant tumor arised from neuroendocrine epidermal cells, called Merkel cells. Prognosis is poor when tumor spreads to distant locations. Among metastases sites, spinal is not frequent at all and its management remains controversial.