The amino acid transporter UmamiT20 confers susceptibility.

• Induction of SWEET sugar transporters by bacterial pathogens via transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors is necessary for successful blight infection of rice, cassava and cotton, - likely providing sugars for bacterial propagation. • Here, we show that infection of by the necrotrophic fungus causes increased accumulation of amino acid transporter UmamiT20 mRNA in leaves. UmamiT20 protein accumulates in leaf veins surrounding the lesions after infection.

Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling soybean seed protein and oil content.

Soybean is a major source of seed protein and oil globally with an average composition of 40% protein and 20% oil in the seed. The goal of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring seed protein and oil content utilizing a population constructed by crossing an above average protein content line, PI 399084 to another line that had a low protein content value, PI 507429, both from the USDA soybean germplasm collection. The recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, PI 507429 x PI 399084, was evaluated in two replications over four years (2018-2021); the seeds were analyzed for seed protein and oil content using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

Elicitor-induced plant immunity relies on amino acids accumulation to delay the onset of bacterial virulence.

Plant immunity relies on the perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from invading microbes to induce defense responses that suppress attempted infections. It has been proposed that MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI) suppresses bacterial infections by suppressing the onset of bacterial virulence. However, the mechanisms by which plants exert this action are poorly understood.

The putative transporter MtUMAMIT14 participates in nodule formation in Medicago truncatula.

Transport systems are crucial in many plant processes, including plant-microbe interactions. Nodule formation and function in legumes involve the expression and regulation of multiple transport proteins, and many are still uncharacterized, particularly for nitrogen transport. Amino acids originating from the nitrogen-fixing process are an essential form of nitrogen for legumes.

MAMP-elicited changes in amino acid transport activity contribute to restricting bacterial growth.

Plants live under the constant challenge of microbes that probe the environment in search of potential hosts. Plant cells perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from incoming microbes and activate defense responses that suppress attempted infections. Despite the substantial progress made in understanding MAMP-triggered signaling pathways, the downstream mechanisms that suppress bacterial growth and disease remain poorly understood.

Detailed characterization of the UMAMIT proteins provides insight into their evolution, amino acid transport properties, and role in the plant.

Amino acid transporters play a critical role in distributing amino acids within the cell compartments and between plant organs. Despite this importance, relatively few amino acid transporter genes have been characterized and their role elucidated with certainty. Two main families of proteins encode amino acid transporters in plants: the amino acid-polyamine-organocation superfamily, containing mostly importers, and the UMAMIT (usually multiple acids move in and out transporter) family, apparently encoding exporters, totaling 63 and 44 genes in Arabidopsis, respectively.

Increased Expression of UMAMIT Amino Acid Transporters Results in Activation of Salicylic Acid Dependent Stress Response.

In addition to their role in the biosynthesis of important molecules such as proteins and specialized metabolites, amino acids are known to function as signaling molecules through various pathways to report nitrogen status and trigger appropriate metabolic and cellular responses. Moreover, changes in amino acid levels through altered amino acid transporter activities trigger plant immune responses. Specifically, loss of function of major amino acid transporter, over-expression of cationic amino acid transporter, or over-expression of the positive regulators of membrane amino acid export all lead to dwarfed phenotypes and upregulated salicylic acid (SA)-induced stress marker genes.

Review: Functional linkages between amino acid transporters and plant responses to pathogens.

Upon infection, plant pathogens become dependent on their hosts for nutrition. Therefore, the interaction between the two organisms is tightly linked to the availability and flux of nutrients in the plant. The plant's nitrogen metabolism is reprogrammed during pathogen attack, likely reflecting plant's response to invasion by the pathogen and active modification by the pathogen to promote feeding.

Arabidopsis UMAMIT24 and 25 are amino acid exporters involved in seed loading.

Phloem-derived amino acids are the major source of nitrogen supplied to developing seeds. Amino acid transfer from the maternal to the filial tissue requires at least one cellular export step from the maternal tissue prior to the import into the symplasmically isolated embryo. Some members of UMAMIT (usually multiple acids move in an out transporter) family (UMAMIT11, 14, 18, 28, and 29) have previously been implicated in this process.

Inference of Transcription Regulatory Network in Low Phytic Acid Soybean Seeds.

A dominant loss of function mutation in -inositol phosphate synthase () gene and recessive loss of function mutations in two multidrug resistant protein type-ABC transporter genes not only reduce the seed phytic acid levels in soybean, but also affect the pathways associated with seed development, ultimately resulting in low emergence. To understand the regulatory mechanisms and identify key genes that intervene in the seed development process in low phytic acid crops, we performed computational inference of gene regulatory networks in low and normal phytic acid soybeans using a time course transcriptomic data and multiple network inference algorithms. We identified a set of putative candidate transcription factors and their regulatory interactions with genes that have functions in myo-inositol biosynthesis, auxin-ABA signaling, and seed dormancy.

Multifaceted plant responses to circumvent Phe hyperaccumulation by downregulation of flux through the shikimate pathway and by vacuolar Phe sequestration.

Detrimental effects of hyperaccumulation of the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) in animals, known as phenylketonuria, are mitigated by excretion of Phe derivatives; however, how plants endure Phe accumulating conditions in the absence of an excretion system is currently unknown. To achieve Phe hyperaccumulation in a plant system, we simultaneously decreased in petunia flowers expression of all three Phe ammonia lyase (PAL) isoforms that catalyze the non-oxidative deamination of Phe to trans-cinnamic acid, the committed step for the major pathway of Phe metabolism. A total decrease in PAL activity by 81-94% led to an 18-fold expansion of the internal Phe pool.

Update on amino acid transporter functions and on possible amino acid sensing mechanisms in plants.

Amino acids are essential components of plant metabolism, not only as constituents of proteins, but also as precursors of important secondary metabolites and as carriers of organic nitrogen between the organs of the plant. Transport across intracellular membranes and translocation of amino acids within the plant is mediated by membrane amino acid transporters. The past few years have seen the identification of a new family of amino acid transporters in Arabidopsis, the characterization of intracellular amino acid transporters, and the discovery of new roles for already known proteins.

Amino Acids Are an Ineffective Fertilizer for spp. Growth.

Autotrophic microalgae are a promising bioproducts platform. However, the fundamental requirements these organisms have for nitrogen fertilizer severely limit the impact and scale of their cultivation. As an alternative to inorganic fertilizers, we investigated the possibility of using amino acids from deconstructed biomass as a nitrogen source in the genus We found that only four amino acids (glutamine, histidine, cysteine, and tryptophan) rescue spp.

Control of Amino Acid Homeostasis by a Ubiquitin Ligase-Coactivator Protein Complex.

Intercellular amino acid transport is essential for the growth of all multicellular organisms, and its dysregulation is implicated in developmental disorders. By an unknown mechanism, amino acid efflux is stimulated in plants by overexpression of a membrane-localized protein (LUTAMINE MPER 1 (GDU1)) that requires a ubiquitin ligase ( (). Here we further explore the physiological consequences of the interaction between these two proteins.

UMAMIT14 is an amino acid exporter involved in phloem unloading in Arabidopsis roots.

Amino acids are the main form of nitrogen transported between the plant organs. Transport of amino acids across membranes is mediated by specialized proteins: importers, exporters, and facilitators. Unlike amino acid importers, amino acid exporters have not been thoroughly studied, partly due to a lack of high-throughput techniques enabling their isolation.

Suppressor mutations in the Glutamine Dumper1 protein dissociate disturbance in amino acid transport from other characteristics of the Gdu1D phenotype.

Intracellular amino acid transport across plant membranes is critical for metabolic pathways which are often split between different organelles. In addition, transport of amino acids across the plasma membrane enables the distribution of organic nitrogen through the saps between leaves and developing organs. Amino acid importers have been studied for more than two decades, and their role in this process is well-documented.

Testing the efficiency of plant artificial microRNAs by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana reveals additional action at the translational level.

Artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) have become an important tool to assess gene functions due to their high efficiency and specificity to decrease target gene expression. Based on the observed degree of complementarity between microRNAs (miRNAs) and their targets, it was widely accepted that plant miRNAs act at the mRNA stability level, while the animal miRNAs act at the translational level. Contrary to these canonical dogmas, recent evidence suggests that both plant and animal miRNAs act at both levels.

Regulation of amino acid metabolic enzymes and transporters in plants.

Amino acids play several critical roles in plants, from providing the building blocks of proteins to being essential metabolites interacting with many branches of metabolism. They are also important molecules that shuttle organic nitrogen through the plant. Because of this central role in nitrogen metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, degradation, and transport are tightly regulated to meet demand in response to nitrogen and carbon availability.

Border control--a membrane-linked interactome of Arabidopsis.

Cellular membranes act as signaling platforms and control solute transport. Membrane receptors, transporters, and enzymes communicate with intracellular processes through protein-protein interactions. Using a split-ubiquitin yeast two-hybrid screen that covers a test-space of 6.

Functional conservation between mammalian MGRN1 and plant LOG2 ubiquitin ligases.

Plant LOSS OF GDU 2 (LOG2) and Mammalian Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 (MGRN1) proteins are RING-type E3 ligases sharing similarity N-terminal to the RING domain. Deletion of this region disrupts the interaction of LOG2 with the plant membrane protein GLUTAMINE DUMPER1 (GDU1). Phylogenetic analysis identified two clades of LOG2/MGRN1-like proteins in vertebrates and plants.

Mining for meaning: visualization approaches to deciphering Arabidopsis stress responses in roots and shoots.

Massive amounts of transcriptomic data documenting plant responses to changes in environment continue to accumulate in online databases. Unfortunately, many of these data sets have not been analyzed in full detail, especially those that involve time course experiments. To gain more knowledge of the successive gene expression events that occur when stress is initiated in one organ and then relayed to another, we have chosen stress response data for Arabidopsis shoots and roots from the detailed time course study of Killian et al.

Amino acid export in plants: a missing link in nitrogen cycling.

The export of nutrients from source organs to parts of the body where they are required (e.g. sink organs) is a fundamental biological process.

Amino acid homeostasis modulates salicylic acid-associated redox status and defense responses in Arabidopsis.

The tight association between nitrogen status and pathogenesis has been broadly documented in plant-pathogen interactions. However, the interface between primary metabolism and disease responses remains largely unclear. Here, we show that knockout of a single amino acid transporter, LYSINE HISTIDINE TRANSPORTER1 (LHT1), is sufficient for Arabidopsis thaliana plants to confer a broad spectrum of disease resistance in a salicylic acid-dependent manner.