Periapical surgery using CAD/CAM guidance: preclinical results.

Apicoectomy is a surgical procedure requiring precise planning and access to locate apices and avoid vital anatomic structures. Traditional methods limit treatment because they rely on two-dimensional radiography and corrective actions during surgery. Surgical guidance, which uses computed tomography and computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing processing, has been utilized in dentistry, but not in endodontics.

Precision of transfer of preoperative planning for oral implants based on cone-beam CT-scan images through a robotic drilling machine.

In this study, an image-guided system for oral implant placement was assessed. A specially designed mechanical tool has been elaborated to transfer the preoperative implant axis planned on 3-dimensional imagery into a surgical template by a numerically controlled drilling machine. The main drawback of image-guiding systems is the use of preoperative computed tomography, which is expensive and delivers high radiation doses.

Optimal calibration marker mesh for 2D X-ray sensors in 3D reconstruction.

Image intensifiers suffer from distortions due to magnetic fields. In order to use this X-ray projections images for computer-assisted medical interventions, image intensifiers need to be calibrated. Opaque markers are often used for the correction of the image distortion and the estimation of the acquisition geometry parameters.